Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the mesencephalon |
responsible for visual, auditory, and balance reflexes |
|
|
the pons |
regulation of respiration & skeletal muscle tone; ascending & descending tracts connect brain stem w/cerebellum & cortex |
|
|
the medulla |
pathway for all ascending & descending fiber tracts; contains vital centers that regulate heart rate, BP, and respiration; reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. |
|
|
the cerebellum |
regulates muscle tone & coordination and maintains posture & equilibrium |
|
|
cholinergics |
acetylcholine |
|
|
acetylcholine |
sleep, arousal, pain perception, movement, memory Increased: depression Decreased: Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's |
|
|
Monoamines |
Norepi, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine |
|
|
Norepinephrine |
mood, cognition, perception, locomotion, cardiovascular functioning, sleep and arousal Increased: mania, anxiety states, schizophrenia Decreased: depression |
|
|
Dopamine |
movement and coordination, emotions, voluntary judgment, release of prolactin Increased: mania & schizophrenia Decreased: Parkinson's and depression |
|
|
Serotonin |
sleep & arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, pain, perception, coordination, judgment Increased: anxiety states Decreased: depression |
|
|
Histamine |
wakefulness; pain sensation and inflammatory response Decreased: depression |
|
|
Amino Acids |
1. GABA 2. Glycine 3. Glutamate & Aspartate |
|
|
Gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) |
slowdown of body activity Decreased: Huntington's disease, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and various forms of epilepsy |
|
|
Glycine |
recurrent inhibition of motor neurons Toxic Levels: "glycine encephalopathy" decreased levels are correlated w/spastic motor movements |
|
|
Glutamate & Aspartate |
Relay of sensory info and in the regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes Increased: Huntington's, temporal lobe epilepsy, spinal cerebellar degeneration, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders Decreased: Schizophrenia |
|
|
Neuropeptides |
1. Endorphins & Enkephalins 2. Substance P 3. Somatostatin |
|
|
Endorphins & Enkephalins |
Modulation of pain & reduced peristalsis (enkephalins) Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the sxs of schizophrenia |
|
|
Substance P |
regulation of pain Increased: depression Decreased: Huntington's and Alzheimer's |
|
|
Somatostatin |
stims release of dopamine, serotonin, norepi, and Ach, and inhibits release of norepi, histamine and glutamate. Also acts as a neuromodulator for serotonin in the hypothalamus Increased: Huntington's Decreased: Alzheimer's |
|
|
Stage 0: Alpha Rhythm |
relaxed, waking state w/eyes closed |
|
|
Stage 1: Beta Rhythm |
"transition" into sleep, or a period of dozing; thoughts wander and there is a drifting in and out of sleep |
|
|
Stage 2: Theta Rhythm |
the manner in which about half of sleep time is spent; eye movement and muscular activity are minimal |
|
|
Stage 3: Delta Rhythm |
Deep and restful sleep; muscles relax, HR & BP fall, breathing slows; no eye movement occurs |
|
|
Stage 4: Delta Rhythm |
deepest sleep (not experienced by insomniacs/sleep disorders); eye movement & muscular activity are minimal |
|
|
REM sleep: Beta Rhythm |
Dream cycle occurs; eye movements (move more rapidly than when awake); HR & RR increase; BP increases/decreases; muscles are hypotonic |
