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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Patients are at risk for acquiring infections due to ________________________, ___________________, ________________________
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- Increased exposure to pathogens - Invasive procedures |
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Define infection.
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invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms resulting in disease
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Define colonization. |
The presence and growth of microorganisms with a host but without tissue invasion or damage (does not necessarily mean you are exhibiting signs/symptoms or contagious) |
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Define non-communicable disease |
illness that are serious for the patient but have a low-no risk for transmission |
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Define communicable disease |
can be transmitted directly from one person to another |
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What is an example of a non-communicable disease.
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pneumonia, viral meningitis, diabetes, cancer |
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What is the chain of infection?
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Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host |
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What are some examples of infectious agents?
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Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, resident/transient flora |
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Define virulence.
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ability to produce disease, strength of an infectious agent |
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Define reservoir.
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Place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptive host |
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What are some examples of hosts? |
insects, food, water, organic matter, inanimate surfaces |
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What are some examples of common reservoirs for health care-associated infections? |
Health care workers hands, patients, equipment, the environment |
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What are the optimal conditions of a reservoir?
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Food, oxygen, water, temperature, pH, dark environments |
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Where on the body are optimal reservoirs?
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Mouth, groin, axilla |
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What are examples of portals of exit?
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Blood, skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, GI tract, reproductive tract |
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What are the modes of transmission?
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Direct, indirect, droplet, airborne, vehicles, vector |
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What is the difference between droplet and airborne?
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Distance. Airborne can travel further. Droplets can only travel a few feet. |
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What are examples of vehicles? |
Food, drugs, blood |
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What are examples of vectors?
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flies, mosquitos, louse, fleas, ticks |
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What are negative airflow rooms?
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Air blows into the room instead of out of the room when the door is opened |
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What are examples of portals of entry?
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Skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract |
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Define host.
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A susceptible individual to the strength and numbers of the microorganisms. |
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What is the cause behind increased resistance to microorganisms?
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Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics over the years |
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How can the chain of infection be interrupted?
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Hand hygiene, education on cough etiquette, proper use of PPE, proper use of isolation procedures |
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A patient has been diagnosed with chickenpox. Which personal protective equipment (PPE) will you need to put on when preparing to assess the patient?
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N95 respirator, gown, gloves, goggles |
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What is the difference between a localized infection and a systemic infection?
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Systemic: affects the entire body, fever, leukocytosis, malaise, nausea/vomiting, organ failure (sepsis) |
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What are the body's natural defenses against infection?
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Normal floras and inflammation |
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True or false: the use of broad spectrum antibiotics disrupt the normal flora. |
True! This can lead to a suprainfection by killing off the body's own normal flora in addition to the invading organisms. |
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Define inflammation.
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Cellular response of the body to injury, infection, or irritation. Protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to an injured area of the body. |
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Define phagocytosis.
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destruction and absorption of bacteria, neutrophils and monocytes (WBC's) ingest and destroy microorganisms |
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What are the three types of inflammatory exudate?
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Sanguineous (blood) Purulent (Pus - WBC's and bacteria) |
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What is another name for Healthcare- Associated Infections?
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Nosocomial infections |
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Which patient populations are at higher risk for HAI's?
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Older adults, poorly nourished, and patients that have multiple illness/co-morbidities |
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Define iatrogenic infections.
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Inadvertent adverse effect or complications directly resulting form a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure (i.e.: surgical infection) |
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What is the difference between exogenous HAI's and endogenous HAI's? |
Endogenous: infection from the patient's own flora (i.e.: C-diff) |
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What are the major sites for HAI's? |
Urinary and respiratory tracts Bloodstream infectiouns |
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True or false: prevention of infection has a beneficial financial impact.
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True! |
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What are the factors influencing infection prevention and control?
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- Age - Nutritional status - Stress - Disease process (immune system diseases present the greatest risk) |
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What are the steps of the nursing process?
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2. Diagnose 3. Plan 4. Implement 5. Evaluate |
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Which is the priority? 1. Social isolation 2. Risk for infection 3. Impaired oral mucous membranes |
2. Risk for infection |
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Outcomes must be ____________, ____________, ___________, & _____________.
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Realistic, purposeful, measurable, time specific
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Define asepsis.
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Absence of disease-producing microorganisms. Refers to the techniques/procedures to help reduce infection. |
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What are standard precautions?
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All precautions used as a general rule to help prevent the spread of infection (hand hygiene, PPE) |
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True or false: medical asepsis is considered free of microorganisms.
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False! Medical asepsis reduce the number of microorganisms. Surgical asepsis is free of microorganisms. |
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What is the primary source of transmitted infection?
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Contaminated hands of healthcare workers.
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True or false: when dealing with C. Diff using hand sanitizer is effective.
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False! Wash your hands! |
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When would you use an alcohol based hand antiseptic.
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- routine decontamination before, after and between patient contact - when moving from a contaminated to clean body site during patient care - before donning sterile gloves - after removing gloves - before caring for patients with severe neutropenia/immune suppression |
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What is cough etiquette?
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- surgical mask on pt if applicable - surgical mask on pt if being transported out of room - hand hygiene - spatial separation (>3 feet for pts with respiratory infections) |
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True or false: you should wear PPE outside of the patient's room.
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True or false: it is appropriate to walk around the hospital hallways with gloves on.
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False! |
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True or false: any sterile surface that becomes wet is no longer sterile.
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True! |
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What is the "Speak Up" campaign and who created it?
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- Encourages patients to take an active role in their care - Encourages patients to speak up and ask health care workers if they have washed their hands or need to wear gloves |
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Define isolation.
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The restriction of movement for ill persons with contagious diseases. |
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What are the isolation precautions for airborne pathogens?
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N95 respirator mask |
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What is Patient Source Testing? |
Patients are tested upon the report of a needle stick or contamination by a health care worker |
