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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacokinetics
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the process of drug movement to achieve drug action. The four processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation), and excretion (or elimination).
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Absorption
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Absorption is the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis.
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Passive absorption
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occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration)
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Active absorption
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requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required for active absorption.
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Pinocytosis
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a process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles
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Pharmaceutic Phase
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(dissolution) is the first phase of drug action
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Dissolution
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A drug in solid form (tablet or capsule) must disintegrate into small particles to dissolve into a liquid.
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Excipients
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Fillers and inert substances in medications
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Disintegration
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the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
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Rate limiting
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the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it
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Pharmacokinetics
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the process of drug movement to achieve drug action. The four processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation), and excretion (or elimination).
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Bioavailability
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a subcategory of absorption. It is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation
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Distribution
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process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues
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free drugs
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drugs not bound to protein
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protein-binding effect
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many drugs are bound to varying degrees with protein (primarily albumin).
Highly Protein-Bound Drugs (89%) Moderately High Protein-Bound Drugs (61% to 89%) Moderately Protein-Bound Drugs (30% to 60%) Low Protein-Bound Drugs (30%) |
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half-life (t½)
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the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated. Metabolism and elimination affect the half-life of a drug
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creatinine clearance (CLcr)
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most accurate test to determine renal function. Creatinine is a metabolic by-product of muscle that is excreted by the kidneys
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Pharmacodynamics
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study of drug concentration and its effects on the body. Drug response can cause a primary or secondary physiologic effect or both. The primary effect is desirable, and the secondary effect may be desirable or undesirable
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Onset of action
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is the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC
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Peak action
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occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration.
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Duration of action
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is the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect.
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Time-Response Curve
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evaluates three parameters of drug action: (1) onset, (2) peak, and (3) duration. MEC, Minimum effective concentration; MTC, minimum toxic concentration
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The Foure Receptor Families
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(1) kinase-linked receptors, (2) ligand-gated ion channels, (3) G protein-coupled receptor systems, and (4) nuclear receptors.
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Nonspecific drugs
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Drugs that affect various sites
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Agonists
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Drugs that produce a response are called
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Antagonists
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drugs that block a response are called
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