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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection. |
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter
|
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream. |
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract. |
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector
|
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts.
|
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity. |
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease |
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails. |
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream.
|
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract.
|
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector
|
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts.
|
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity.
|
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease
|
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails.
|
|
|
Define pathogen:
|
any disease producing microorganism
|
|
|
Define nosocomial:
|
acquired in inpatient healthcare setting; not present at time of admission
|
|
|
Define iatrogenic infection:
|
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
|
|
|
Define medical asepsis:
|
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
|
|
|
Define bacteriocidal:
|
destroying bacteria.
|
|
|
Define bacteriostatic:
|
prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria. |
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream.
|
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract.
|
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector
|
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts.
|
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity.
|
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease
|
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails.
|
|
|
Define pathogen:
|
any disease producing microorganism
|
|
|
Define nosocomial:
|
acquired in inpatient healthcare setting; not present at time of admission
|
|
|
Define iatrogenic infection:
|
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
|
|
|
Define medical asepsis:
|
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
|
|
|
Define bacteriocidal:
|
destroying bacteria.
|
|
|
Define bacteriostatic:
|
prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria.
|
|
|
Patient education includes understanding of key transmission precautions which would include:
|
infection control, drug therapy, psychosocial support, health care resources
|
|
|
In a human colonizer, where would MRSA be found?
|
skin and perineum and nose
|
|
|
What type of infection does CA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
Minor = skin infections such as boils, conjunctivitis, pustules. Red, swollen, painful. Usually at sites of visible skin trauma such as cuts, abrasions, areas covered w/ hair.
|
|
|
What type of infection does HA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
invasion occurs via indwelling urinary catheters, vascular access devices, endotracheal tubes. Serious infections result from entrance into deep wounds, surgical incisions, lungs, or blood stream. |
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream.
|
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract.
|
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector
|
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts.
|
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity.
|
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease
|
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails.
|
|
|
Define pathogen:
|
any disease producing microorganism
|
|
|
Define nosocomial:
|
acquired in inpatient healthcare setting; not present at time of admission
|
|
|
Define iatrogenic infection:
|
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
|
|
|
Define medical asepsis:
|
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
|
|
|
Define bacteriocidal:
|
destroying bacteria.
|
|
|
Define bacteriostatic:
|
prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria.
|
|
|
Patient education includes understanding of key transmission precautions which would include:
|
infection control, drug therapy, psychosocial support, health care resources
|
|
|
In a human colonizer, where would MRSA be found?
|
skin and perineum and nose
|
|
|
What type of infection does CA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
Minor = skin infections such as boils, conjunctivitis, pustules. Red, swollen, painful. Usually at sites of visible skin trauma such as cuts, abrasions, areas covered w/ hair.
|
|
|
What type of infection does HA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
invasion occurs via indwelling urinary catheters, vascular access devices, endotracheal tubes. Serious infections result from entrance into deep wounds, surgical incisions, lungs, or blood stream.
|
|
|
How is MRSA transmitted and what conditions facilitate infection?
|
direct contact. Any environment that promotes frequent/close touching, cleanliness, compromised skin, antimicrobial use.
|
|
|
How can MRSA infected individuals prevent transmission?
|
keep wounds covered, hand hygiene, dispose of used bandages in trash, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
How can individuals protect themselves against MRSA infection?
|
keep cuts and scrapes covered, avoid contact with infected skin, hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
What are 4 methods that have been successful in controlling outbreaks of infection (not sure if specific to MRSA)?
|
increased awareness, early detection and appropriate management, enhanced hygiene, maintenance of clean environment.
|
|
|
Which drugs do MRSA have a high prevalence of resistance to?
|
macrolides, fluoroquinolones, beta lactam drugs.
|
|
|
What drugs are used to treat MRSA and which is considered the 1st line of defense for severe infections?
|
Linezolid and vancomycin is first line.
|
|
|
What is the primary therapy for purulent skin infection (MRSA)?
|
incision and drainage |
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream.
|
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract.
|
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector
|
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts.
|
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity.
|
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease
|
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails.
|
|
|
Define pathogen:
|
any disease producing microorganism
|
|
|
Define nosocomial:
|
acquired in inpatient healthcare setting; not present at time of admission
|
|
|
Define iatrogenic infection:
|
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
|
|
|
Define medical asepsis:
|
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
|
|
|
Define bacteriocidal:
|
destroying bacteria.
|
|
|
Define bacteriostatic:
|
prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria.
|
|
|
Patient education includes understanding of key transmission precautions which would include:
|
infection control, drug therapy, psychosocial support, health care resources
|
|
|
In a human colonizer, where would MRSA be found?
|
skin and perineum and nose
|
|
|
What type of infection does CA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
Minor = skin infections such as boils, conjunctivitis, pustules. Red, swollen, painful. Usually at sites of visible skin trauma such as cuts, abrasions, areas covered w/ hair.
|
|
|
What type of infection does HA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
invasion occurs via indwelling urinary catheters, vascular access devices, endotracheal tubes. Serious infections result from entrance into deep wounds, surgical incisions, lungs, or blood stream.
|
|
|
How is MRSA transmitted and what conditions facilitate infection?
|
direct contact. Any environment that promotes frequent/close touching, cleanliness, compromised skin, antimicrobial use.
|
|
|
How can MRSA infected individuals prevent transmission?
|
keep wounds covered, hand hygiene, dispose of used bandages in trash, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
How can individuals protect themselves against MRSA infection?
|
keep cuts and scrapes covered, avoid contact with infected skin, hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
What are 4 methods that have been successful in controlling outbreaks of infection (not sure if specific to MRSA)?
|
increased awareness, early detection and appropriate management, enhanced hygiene, maintenance of clean environment.
|
|
|
Which drugs do MRSA have a high prevalence of resistance to?
|
macrolides, fluoroquinolones, beta lactam drugs.
|
|
|
What drugs are used to treat MRSA and which is considered the 1st line of defense for severe infections?
|
Linezolid and vancomycin is first line.
|
|
|
What is the primary therapy for purulent skin infection (MRSA)?
|
incision and drainage
|
|
|
Teaching for a client with MRSA:
|
reinforce/educate proper wound care and hand hygiene; avoid environment that would promote contact w/ infectious wounds & contaminated surfaces
|
|
|
Where is VRE in a colonized person?
|
human intestines and female genital tract
|
|
|
What types of infections can VRE cause?
|
UTI, bacteremia, in wounds associated w/ catheters or surgical procedures.
|
|
|
Who/what puts someone at increased risk for VRE?
|
those previously treated with antibiotics/vancomycin for prolonged period; hospitalization; weakened immune system; undergoing surgical procedure, those w/ medical devices for prolonged period (catheter, enteral nutrition), those colonized.
|
|
|
How is VRE treated?
|
Most can be treated with other non-vancomycin antibiotics. If infection is bladder and urinary catheter related, can remove catheter when no longer needed to rid of infection.
|
|
|
How is VRE transmitted?
|
having contact w/ person w/ VRE, contaminated hands, contaminated surface
|
|
|
How long can VRE live on a surface and still be able to cause an infection?
|
days/weeks
|
|
|
Can VRE be spread in the air via coughing/sneezing?
|
no |
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream.
|
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract.
|
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector |
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts. |
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity. |
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease
|
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails.
|
|
|
Define pathogen:
|
any disease producing microorganism
|
|
|
Define nosocomial:
|
acquired in inpatient healthcare setting; not present at time of admission
|
|
|
Define iatrogenic infection:
|
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
|
|
|
Define medical asepsis:
|
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
|
|
|
Define bacteriocidal:
|
destroying bacteria.
|
|
|
Define bacteriostatic:
|
prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria.
|
|
|
Patient education includes understanding of key transmission precautions which would include:
|
infection control, drug therapy, psychosocial support, health care resources |
|
|
In a human colonizer, where would MRSA be found?
|
skin and perineum and nose
|
|
|
What type of infection does CA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
Minor = skin infections such as boils, conjunctivitis, pustules. Red, swollen, painful. Usually at sites of visible skin trauma such as cuts, abrasions, areas covered w/ hair.
|
|
|
What type of infection does HA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
invasion occurs via indwelling urinary catheters, vascular access devices, endotracheal tubes. Serious infections result from entrance into deep wounds, surgical incisions, lungs, or blood stream.
|
|
|
How is MRSA transmitted and what conditions facilitate infection?
|
direct contact. Any environment that promotes frequent/close touching, cleanliness, compromised skin, antimicrobial use.
|
|
|
How can MRSA infected individuals prevent transmission?
|
keep wounds covered, hand hygiene, dispose of used bandages in trash, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
How can individuals protect themselves against MRSA infection?
|
keep cuts and scrapes covered, avoid contact with infected skin, hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
What are 4 methods that have been successful in controlling outbreaks of infection (not sure if specific to MRSA)?
|
increased awareness, early detection and appropriate management, enhanced hygiene, maintenance of clean environment.
|
|
|
Which drugs do MRSA have a high prevalence of resistance to?
|
macrolides, fluoroquinolones, beta lactam drugs.
|
|
|
What drugs are used to treat MRSA and which is considered the 1st line of defense for severe infections?
|
Linezolid and vancomycin is first line.
|
|
|
What is the primary therapy for purulent skin infection (MRSA)?
|
incision and drainage
|
|
|
Teaching for a client with MRSA:
|
reinforce/educate proper wound care and hand hygiene; avoid environment that would promote contact w/ infectious wounds & contaminated surfaces
|
|
|
Where is VRE in a colonized person?
|
human intestines and female genital tract
|
|
|
What types of infections can VRE cause?
|
UTI, bacteremia, in wounds associated w/ catheters or surgical procedures.
|
|
|
Who/what puts someone at increased risk for VRE?
|
those previously treated with antibiotics/vancomycin for prolonged period; hospitalization; weakened immune system; undergoing surgical procedure, those w/ medical devices for prolonged period (catheter, enteral nutrition), those colonized.
|
|
|
How is VRE treated?
|
Most can be treated with other non-vancomycin antibiotics. If infection is bladder and urinary catheter related, can remove catheter when no longer needed to rid of infection.
|
|
|
How is VRE transmitted?
|
having contact w/ person w/ VRE, contaminated hands, contaminated surface
|
|
|
How long can VRE live on a surface and still be able to cause an infection?
|
days/weeks
|
|
|
Can VRE be spread in the air via coughing/sneezing?
|
no
|
|
|
Teaching a client w/ VRE:
|
keep hands clean; frequently clean areas of home; wear gloves if may come in contact with body fluids that may be contain VRE such as stool, bandages.
|
|
|
How is C. diff disease changing?
|
more severe disease and increased mortality. Affecting more "low risk persons" and peripartum women.
|
|
|
What are possible reasons for change in CDAD?
|
changes in underlying host susceptibility, antimicrobial prescribing, and infection control practices; new strain.
|
|
|
What is the new strain of C. diff called and what makes it more virulent?
|
BI/NAP1/027. increased production of toxin A, B, and binary. More resistant to fluoroquinolones.
|
|
|
How is the new strain of C. diff detected?
|
it is detected in stool by lab test but is not differentiated from the other strains.
|
|
|
How do you treat the new C. diff strain?
|
if possible, stop antibiotics given for other purposes (metronidazole and vancomycin); current guidelines recommend metronidazole as 1st line defense due to vancomycin resistance, HOWEVER, evidence suggest that more sever diseases be treated w/ vancomycin bc metro may not be as effective. |
|
|
Explain the relationship of the chain of infection to transmission of infection.
|
for transmission occur, there must be a pathogen held within a reservoir. reservoir can be animate or inanimate. there must be susceptible host and entry portal through which the pathogen can enter. Entry depends on mode of transmission.
|
|
|
What are the different entryways of the body for infection?
|
respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary tract, skin & mucous membranes, bloodstream.
|
|
|
What are the three modes of transmission?
|
contact, droplets, and airborne.
|
|
|
Define contact transmission
|
direct = source and host have physical contact; indirect = contaminated hands or surfaces.
|
|
|
Define airborne transmission
|
propelled from respiratory tract by coughing/sneezing; suspended in air for long time; susceptible person inhales into respiratory tract.
|
|
|
Define droplet transmission
|
produced when person talks, sneezes, coughs; droplets are deposited in nasal, oral, or conjunctival membrane
|
|
|
What are ways that the environment can act as mode of transmission?
|
contaminated food/water; vector
|
|
|
What is a vector?
|
insects that carry pathogens between two or more hosts.
|
|
|
Identify 5 body defenses against infection
|
body tissues, phagocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated immunity response, cell mediated immunity.
|
|
|
Identify patients most at risk for infection
|
older adults, immunocompromised, poor nutrition, drug, tobacco, and/or alcohol use/history, current illness or disease
|
|
|
Explain conditions that promote nosocomial infection
|
healthcare workers don't follow basic infection control such as aseptic technique/injection practices; bad hand hygiene/artificial nails.
|
|
|
Define pathogen:
|
any disease producing microorganism
|
|
|
Define nosocomial:
|
acquired in inpatient healthcare setting; not present at time of admission
|
|
|
Define iatrogenic infection:
|
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
|
|
|
Define medical asepsis:
|
procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
|
|
|
Define bacteriocidal:
|
destroying bacteria.
|
|
|
Define bacteriostatic:
|
prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria.
|
|
|
Patient education includes understanding of key transmission precautions which would include:
|
infection control, drug therapy, psychosocial support, health care resources
|
|
|
In a human colonizer, where would MRSA be found?
|
skin and perineum and nose
|
|
|
What type of infection does CA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
Minor = skin infections such as boils, conjunctivitis, pustules. Red, swollen, painful. Usually at sites of visible skin trauma such as cuts, abrasions, areas covered w/ hair.
|
|
|
What type of infection does HA-MRSA usually result in (include symptoms/location)?
|
invasion occurs via indwelling urinary catheters, vascular access devices, endotracheal tubes. Serious infections result from entrance into deep wounds, surgical incisions, lungs, or blood stream.
|
|
|
How is MRSA transmitted and what conditions facilitate infection?
|
direct contact. Any environment that promotes frequent/close touching, cleanliness, compromised skin, antimicrobial use.
|
|
|
How can MRSA infected individuals prevent transmission?
|
keep wounds covered, hand hygiene, dispose of used bandages in trash, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
How can individuals protect themselves against MRSA infection?
|
keep cuts and scrapes covered, avoid contact with infected skin, hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal items.
|
|
|
What are 4 methods that have been successful in controlling outbreaks of infection (not sure if specific to MRSA)?
|
increased awareness, early detection and appropriate management, enhanced hygiene, maintenance of clean environment.
|
|
|
Which drugs do MRSA have a high prevalence of resistance to?
|
macrolides, fluoroquinolones, beta lactam drugs.
|
|
|
What drugs are used to treat MRSA and which is considered the 1st line of defense for severe infections?
|
Linezolid and vancomycin is first line.
|
|
|
What is the primary therapy for purulent skin infection (MRSA)?
|
incision and drainage
|
|
|
Teaching for a client with MRSA:
|
reinforce/educate proper wound care and hand hygiene; avoid environment that would promote contact w/ infectious wounds & contaminated surfaces
|
|
|
Where is VRE in a colonized person?
|
human intestines and female genital tract
|
|
|
What types of infections can VRE cause?
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UTI, bacteremia, in wounds associated w/ catheters or surgical procedures.
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Who/what puts someone at increased risk for VRE?
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those previously treated with antibiotics/vancomycin for prolonged period; hospitalization; weakened immune system; undergoing surgical procedure, those w/ medical devices for prolonged period (catheter, enteral nutrition), those colonized.
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How is VRE treated?
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Most can be treated with other non-vancomycin antibiotics. If infection is bladder and urinary catheter related, can remove catheter when no longer needed to rid of infection.
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How is VRE transmitted?
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having contact w/ person w/ VRE, contaminated hands, contaminated surface
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How long can VRE live on a surface and still be able to cause an infection?
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days/weeks
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Can VRE be spread in the air via coughing/sneezing?
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no
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Teaching a client w/ VRE:
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keep hands clean; frequently clean areas of home; wear gloves if may come in contact with body fluids that may be contain VRE such as stool, bandages.
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How is C. diff disease changing?
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more severe disease and increased mortality. Affecting more "low risk persons" and peripartum women.
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What are possible reasons for change in CDAD?
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changes in underlying host susceptibility, antimicrobial prescribing, and infection control practices; new strain.
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What is the new strain of C. diff called and what makes it more virulent?
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BI/NAP1/027. increased production of toxin A, B, and binary. More resistant to fluoroquinolones.
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How is the new strain of C. diff detected?
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it is detected in stool by lab test but is not differentiated from the other strains.
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How do you treat the new C. diff strain?
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if possible, stop antibiotics given for other purposes (metronidazole and vancomycin); current guidelines recommend metronidazole as 1st line defense due to vancomycin resistance, HOWEVER, evidence suggest that more sever diseases be treated w/ vancomycin bc metro may not be as effective.
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How does fluoroquinolone resistance affect management of the new C. diff strain?
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promotes the new strain's prevalance over the susceptible strains.
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What should healthcare facilities do in response to the emergence of new strain?
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monitor number, severity, and patient outcomes of C. diff. make adjustments as needed.
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What are common symptoms of C. diff and when should a patient seek medical attention?
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watery diarrhea, fever, appetite loss, nausea, belly pain and tenderness. If diarrhea last longer than 3 days, fever, blood.
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What are severe symptoms of C. diff and what are treatments?
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pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, sepsis and death. In some cases, removal of infected part of intestines is necessary.
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How is C. diff transmitted?
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C. diff is shed in feces. contaminated surfaces serve as reservoir for spores.
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Treatment of C. diff:
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In 20% patients, resolves in 2-3 days. Usually, 10 days of antibiotics.
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What drugs are used to treat C. diff?
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metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin
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Neutrophils make up what percentage of total WBC?
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segments = 55-70%; bands = 5%
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Monocytes/macrophages make up what percentage of total WBC?
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3%
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Eosinophils make up what percentage of total WBC?
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1.5%
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Basophils make up what percentage of total WBC?
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0.5%
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Lymphocytes make up what percentage of total WBC?
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28% |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma. >20mm/hr indicate inflammation or infection. |
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White blood cell count |
total leukocyte count elevated = infection |
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shift to the left |
increase in immature (band) neutrophils |
