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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Humoral immunity is a function of what?
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B lymphocytes
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When B lymphocytes encounter an antigen they do what?
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Differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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Where are immunoglobulins found?
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Circulating everywhere in all the bodily fluids
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What is the function of cytotoxic T cells and they are involved in what type of immunity?
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They are involved in direct cell-cell contact and killing, they are involved in cell mediated immunity
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What do cytotoxic T cells produce that kill the infected cell?
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Perforins
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What do immunoglobulins do?
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Recognize antigens and bind to them, also bind to phagocytes
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When immunoglobulins bind to a phagocyte via their Fc portion this is an example of what?
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Opsonization
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Antigen-antibody complexes activate what and what does this do?
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Complement and it is a chemoattractant to phagocytes (helps to kill)
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What is the most commonly found antibody?
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IgG
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What types of properities does IgG have?
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Antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial
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What is the only antibody that crosses the placenta and why is this important?
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IgG and this gives the newborn some protection against the environment when it is born, it lasts about 6 months after birth.
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IgG acts as an opsonin how?
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By binidng to the phagocytes via the Fc receptor
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What is gammaglobulin?
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A mixture of all the different IgG antibodies found in the blood.
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What can gammaglobulin be used for?
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It can be injected to impart immunity to an immunodeficient patient.
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What is the first antibody present in the plasma in response to an antigen?
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IgM
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What antibody is responsible for the ABO blood incompatibilities?
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IgM
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IgM bound to an antigen activates what?
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Complement
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What is the first antibody produced by the newborn?
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IgM
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What antibody is found primarily in bodily secretions? (Saliva, nasal and respiratory secretions, breast milk)
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IgA
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What antibody is found on most epithelial surfaces in the GI and GU tract?
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IgA
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Which antibody is a major component of the barrier that prevents bacterial invasion?
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IgA
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What antibody binds to mast cells?
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IgE
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What antibody is involved in parasitic infections, allergies, and hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgE
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Where is IgD found and what is its purpose?
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On the cell membrane of B lymphocytes, and it serves as a receptor.
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What is IgD required for?
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The maturation of B lymphocytes
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What is the function of the thymus?
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During fetal development and through early childhood it provides immunocompetent T lymphocytes for all other lymphoid tissues
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What is red pulp?
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Erytrocyte storage and disposal.
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What is white pulp?
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Large collection of lymphoid tissue (B and T cells, and macrophages)
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What removes the antigen-antibody complexes?
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Spleen and liver
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Lymph nodes contain what?
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B and T cells, as well as macrophages and plasma cells.
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Where are B lymphocytes "programmed"?
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Lymph nodes
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What is the function of the lymph nodes?
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To filter lymph (interstial fluid filtered out of the blood)
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Where is humoral immunity usually initiated?
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Lymph nodes
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Lymphadenopathy is what and is an indication of what?
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Swollen lymph nodes and it is the first indication of the immune response.
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What is the purpose of the MALT system?
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To secrete antibodies onto the mucosal surface to participate in the barrier against bacterial invasion.
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Innate or nonspecific immunity
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Your natural resistance to disease, dependent on heredity, age, overall health, species, race and sex.
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Acquired or specific immunity
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used to describe the protection gained through exposure to an antigen or through the transfer of protective antibodies. (injection of immunoglobulins, or IgA in breast milk)
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Immunization
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The administration of an antigen through vaccinatino with the purpose of achieveing a specific immunity.
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Active immunity is acquired from where?
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Immunization or actually having the disease
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Passive immunity is acquired from where?
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Gammaglobulins injections, IgA in breast milk, IgG crossing the placenta
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With humoral immunity with initial exposure to the antigen how long does it take for immunoglobulins to appear in the serum?
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Few days to weeks.
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Why does it take time for immunoglobulins to appear in the serum?
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Time is required for activation of B lymphocytes, activation of helper T cells, proliferation of activated B lymphocytes, and differentiation into sufficient numbers to plasma cells that secrete a specific class of antibody.
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How long does it take for cell mediated immunity to ward off an invader?
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Up to 10 days.
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What fails in transient hypogammaglobulinemia?
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The B lymphocytes do not differentiate into plasma cells because help from the helper T cells is deficient so there is no cytokine production.
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True or False...
The number of B and T cells are normal is transient hypogammaglobulinemia |
True, the numbers are normal but the functioning of the T cells is deficient meaning the number of plasma cells is low.
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What do patients with transient hypogammablobulinemia normally present with?
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About 6 months of age they start to present with repeated bouts of upper respiratory and middle ear infections.
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In transient hypogammablobulinemia the germinal centers in lymph tissue are what?
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Reduced or absent
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When does transient hypogammaglobulinemia normally resolve and why?
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2-4 years of age, and the reason is unknown
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Are viral infections a problem in children with transient hypogammaglobulinemia?
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No which indicates that there are some functions helper T cells.
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X-Linked agammaglobulinemia is primarily a deficiency of what?
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B cells.
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia is what kind of trait and found in who?
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Recessive and only in males
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What are the serum levels in X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
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Undetectable
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Patients with agammaglobulinemia are susceptible to what types of infections?
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Bacterial (Meningitis, recurrent ear, sinus and pulmonary infections)
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X-linked ammaglobulinemia prevents the development of what?
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Mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells
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True or false...
In X-linked agammablobulinemia T lymphocytes are present in normal numbers but they do not function correctly |
False... they are present in normal numbers and they function properly.
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In agammaglobulinemia the germinal centers in lymphoid tissue are ____
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Absent
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In agammaglobulinemia patient's are able to clear viral and protozoal infections why?
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Because the cytotoxic, and helper T cell function is normal.
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What therapy is avaliable for patients with agammaglobulinemia?
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Administration of gammaglobulin and appropriate antibotics
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What disorder is present in common variable immunodeficiency?
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B cells fail to differentiate into plasma cells.
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What is the numbers of antibodies in common variable immunodeficiency?
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Marked reduction but still present
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What is the number of B cells in common variable immunodeficiency? (High, Normal, Low)
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Normal
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When is the onset of common variable immunodeficiency and who is it seen in?
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15-35 years of age, and both males and females
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What is the treatment for common variable immunodeficiency?
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Same as agammaglbulinemia, administration of gammaglobulin and antibiotics.
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Why are T-cell immunodeficiencies much rarer than B-cell immunodeficiencies?
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Because they are much more severe and the patients usually do not survive very long.
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What does DiGeorge syndrome normally result from?
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Partial or total lack of development of the thymus during fetal development
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What does DiGeorge syndrome result in?
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Lack of immunocompotent T lymphocytes.
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IgG levels are low in DiGeorge Syndrome because?
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Lack of helper T cells
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The lack of T lymphocytes in DiGeorge syndrome results in a deficient immune response in which type?
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Cell-mediated
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What types of infection are patients with DiGeorge Syndrome at risk for.
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All types of infections
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Number of B cells is normal in DiGeorge Syndrome but the number of plasma cells is low, why?
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Because there are no helper T cells with cytokines.
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For children that survive the neonatal period in DiGeorge Syndrome what are some treatment options?
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Thymus transplantation, or a bone marrow transplant.
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What is a secondary T cell immunodeficiency and what is an example?
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Depletion of the T cell population because of an acute viral infection. Classic example is HIV
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What do most primary disorders of the complement system involve?
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One or more of the distinct complement proteins.
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What is the defincieny in Primary complement deficiencies?
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Formation of the proper component or the compononent is defective
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In primary complement deficiencies symptomes may be mild to severe why?
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It depends on which complement is deficient to how the symptoms are going to be manifested.
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What types of infections does primary complement deficiencies make patients susceptible to?
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Bacterial infections, the inflammatory response is surpressed
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What is the secondary complement deficiency normally due to?
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Severe liver disease/illness
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Where are complement proteins made?
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the liver
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With acute infections what happens to the serum level of complement and why?
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It is depleted or used up because it happens faster than the liver can make complement
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Patients with disorders of phagocytosis are prone to what types of infections?
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Bacterial and fungal
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List three secondary disorders of phagocytosis and how they effect it.
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Lack of opsonins- either a complement deficiency, or an immunoglobulin deficiency
Corticosteroid and cyclosporine administration- inhibit inflammation and thus phagocytosis Diabetes- due to altered chemotaxis |
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What is Chediak-Higashi a type of?
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Primary disorder of Phagocytosis
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How is Chediak-Higashi passed?
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Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait
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In chediak-higashi what happens with the phagocytes?
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They internalize the pathogen but can't digest them and phagocytes exhibt poor mobility.
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What infections are children with chediak-higashi susceptible for?
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Repeated cutaneous and respiratory infections
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and DiGeorge Syndrome can sometimes be treated with what?
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Stem cell transplantation from an unaffected donor
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Where can stem cells be collected from?
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Whole blood, bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood
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Hypersensitivity disorders
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An immune response to antigens that produce inflammation that can cause unwanted tissue injury.
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Hypersensitivity reactions can come from ________ ________, or in reaction to _________ _________
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autoimmune diseases, foregin antigens
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Type I hypersensitivity
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Allergy, including anaphylaxis
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Type II hypersensitivity
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cytotoxic hypersensitiy, antibody mediated mechanisms
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Type III hypersensitivity
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Immune complex disease (Anitgen-antibody complexes)
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Cell mediated
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What is the most common and immediate of the hypersensitivity reactions?
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Type I- Allergy
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How long does it take the immune system to response in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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Within minutes
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Where does Type I hypersensitivity occur?
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Organs exposed to the enviornment, GI, skin, and respiratory systems.
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List two antigens that can be responsible for a Type I hypersensitivity reaction
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Pollen, food, animal dander, insect bites/stings
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Sensitization
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The process by which IgE binds to a mast cell and becomes a receptor for the mast cell.
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In a type I hypersensitivity what happens with reexposure to the antigen?
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It combines with the IgE bound on the mast cell and the mast cell release secretory vesicles including histamine
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In type I hypersensitivity what do the potent inflammatory mediators do?
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Increase mucus secretion, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, edema, and contraction of the airway smooth muscle
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What are two examples of type I hypersensitivity
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Asthma, anaphylaxis, hay fever, and allergic dermatitis.
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What distinguishes anaphylaxis from hay fever is the mechanism is the same?
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Anaphylaxis is systemic where hay fever is localized.
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What is an example of Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity?
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Blood transfusion reactions.
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What antibody is involved in blood transfusion reactions?
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IgM
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In type II hypersensitivity what happens when a drugs binds to an erytrocyte?
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An antibody binds to the cells and the cell is destructed.
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The destruction of red blood cells in Type II hypersensitivity results in a form of what anemia?
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hemolytic anemia
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What is the name of a disease that can cause a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
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Goodpasture's disease, myasthenia gravis, and Grave's disease
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Autoimmunity
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the immune system recognizes self antigens as foreign
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Who is genetically predisposed to autoimmune diseases?
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Females more than males and the elderly.
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What may alter our own antigens to make our body recognize them as foreign?
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Viruses, or other environmental stimuli
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