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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the difference between central lymphoid organs and peripheral lymphoid organs
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Central: thymus and bone, thymus is where the t-lymphocytes mature. for cell-mediated response.Bone is where the cells genesis happens. Peripheral: are the other places that lymphoctyes can migrate after they leave the bone, ie tonsils, gut, genital, brnochial and syk tissues, lymph nodes, and spleen.
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What is the critical job that mononuclear phagocytes accomplish in the immune system?
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They are antigen presenters. They present an antigen to B and T lymphocytes to promote immune response. They accomplish this through phagocytosis and then the macrophage-bound antigen is presented.
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How do T-lymphocytes get their name?
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T from the word thymus because T-lymphocytes are considered thymus-dependent.
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What are the CD classification numbers given to cytotoxic or cytolytic T-cells and T helper cells?
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CD8 are the cytoxic T-cells that can attack antigens on the cell membrane of the antigen and release cytolytic substances that will make the antigen cell lyse. Some of the CD8 will do this and some will become memory cells (remembering the pathogen and doubling their forces for the next encounter with the pathogen causing a more rapid cell response the next time). T-helper cells are called CD4 cells. They are in 2 subset called T-helper 1 cells and T-helper 2 cells that produce distinct types of cytokines. Cytokines are instructor-messengers that tell cells to change or proliferate etc. They are interleukins or interferons. The cytokines specific to Thelper 1 cells are those that stimulate phagocyte-mediated ingestion and killing of microbes. The Thelper 2 cells have cytokines that stimulate esosinophils to fight parasites and they also work in allergic responses. CD4 are attacked in the autoimmune disease HIV and so they change and actually send messages to fight self instead of non-self.
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What are NK cells?
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Natural killer cells are also involved in cell-mediated immunity but are not T or B cells. They are large lymphocytes with numerous granules in the cytoplasm . They recognize viruses, tumor cells, and transplants and they can kill them though it's not fully understood how.
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What is an IgE mediated reaction?
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It is a type I hypersensitivity reaction also called anaphylactic reactions to exogenous pollen, foods, drgs, dust etc. IgE antibody is produced in response to the allergen and IgE will go and attach itself to mast cells and basophils to get them to release their granules: histamine, leukotrienes, protaglandins...etc. which are the mediators of injury. This type of reaction happens in allergic rhinitis and asthma. The wheal and flare (caused by hyperemia) skin test is what would be used to test is someone will have a response to a specific allergen.
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What are leukotrienes doing in an allergic reponse?
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They constrict bronchial smooth muscle, increase vascular permeability which causes bronchial constriction and allows an enhanced effect of histamine on smooth muscle.
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction would these things fall under: tissue damage, contact dermatitis, tb (Mantoux test), and chronic transplant rejection?
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Type IV hypersensitivity DELAYED reaction. The mediator of this type of reaction are T-cells (cell-mediated reaction) and no B-cells or antibodies are involved.
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Would you consider overdose a hypersensitivity reaction?
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No this would be a primary action in an adverse type of reaction. Hypersensitivity reactions are those that have an excessive response to the primary or secondary effect of the drug itself. A secondary action type of adverse reaction is considered an undersired effect in addition the pharmacological effect.
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according to ms. meredith do you call the doctor about a rash/hive reaction?
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Yes!
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What is contact stomatitis?
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contact Inflammation of the oral mucous membranes related to allergic reaction.
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What is urticaria? What is pruritis?
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Urticaria are hives, prurutis is itching.
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What happens with BP and HR during a severe allergic reaction?
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The blood pressure drops in an allergic reaction because contact with the allergen causes all the blood vessels to leak or become very permeable to allow fighters to get out and fight the allergen. The HR goes up to compensate for the drop in blood pressue. It will start beating fast to hopefully get whatever blood it can to the body and it speeds up to increase CO.
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What is the most common instigator out of instigators of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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Allergic rhinitis or hay fever and pollens, dust and mold are the culprits.
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What is meant by an atopic reaction?
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It includes these types of diseases: allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dematitis, urticaria, and angioedema (involves deeper layer of skin tissues in the eyelids, lips, tongue, larynx, hands, feet, gi tract and genitalia.
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Distinguish the difference between urticaria and atopic dermatitis.
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Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inherited skin disorder that can have exacerbations and remissions. People have high IgE levels and have interstitial edema with vesicle formation, but NO WHEAL AND FLARE like there is in Urticaria (hives). Urticaria develops rapidly.
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What type of reactions are cytotoxid and cytolytic?
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Type II reactions. Think of ABO blood reactions: agglutination. Aloso think of Goodpsture syndrome (attacking basement membrane) in the lungs and kidneys.
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What type of hypersensitivity reactions are immune-complex reactions?
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Think of immune-complexes that are formed between antibodies and antigens. They are coming together as friends which is not good and forming a new type of protein and they do it in the joints, lungs, kidneys, and skin and BV. Think lupus and RA.
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What is contact dermatitis and what type of hypersensitivy reaction is it?
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It is a type IV which means it is a delayed type of reaction due to memory cells and the 2nd interaction with the antigen. Do not get contact dermatitis confused with atopic dermatitis
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What is the likely corticosteroid drug that will be given IV to a person having an anaphylactic response/
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methylprednisolone as an antiinflammatory drug.
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What is a vasopressor?
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A natural vasopressin is found in our bodies that raises or maintains BP. People can be given vasopressors (like dopamine) as an adjunct to epinephrine in severe allergic reactions.
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What category do the drugs Cromolyn and Nedocromyl fall under?
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They are mast cell-stabilizer the inhibit the release of histamines, leukotrienes and other agents form the mast cell after antigen-IgE interaction. Available as an inhalant nebulizer solution or a nasal spray.
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What are the drugs LTRAs?
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They ar leukotriene receptor antagonists that block leukotriene a major mediator of an allergic inflammatory process. They can be taken orally and are used for both allergic rhinitis and asthma
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What is the mechanism of action in immunotherapy and who is suited for immunotherapy?
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IgE immunoglobulin is found to be high in allergic individuals, but if there is an increase in IgG, then allergens more readily attach to IgG then any other anitbody. So the goal is inject allergen extracts that will stimulate IgG levels so that the allergen will fill its site with IgG and have no room left or no receptors left to join with IgE. Long term goal is to keep IgG levels high. People who can't keep away from the allergen. And as long as the allergy isn't to food, because immunotherapy isn't used for this.
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Name the things made of latex that are used in the hospital?
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gloves, blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes, tourniquets, IV tubing, syringes, electrode pads, O2 masks, trachea tubes , colostomy and ileostomy pouches, urinary catheters, anesthetic masks, and adhesive tape The latex proteins on gloves can become aerosoled and cause serious reaction.
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How do allergies usually manifest in children?
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Shiners, Crease on Nose, Rapid Heart Rate & Dypnea (would be anaphylaxis) Sneezing, clear nasal discharge, joint pain (serum sickness), reddened watery eyes, papular, vesicular lesions (atopic dermatitis), urticaria & angioedema
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Explain the difference between angioedema and urticaria
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Angioedema is swelling of the, dermi , sub q, and mucous and sub mucous membranes; urticaria is swelling of the upper tissues only
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When do symptoms usually appear after a reaction to latex?
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12-36 hours
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