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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do excocrine and endocrine glands secrete?
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Excocrine secrete out of ducts and endocrine straight into blood
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In general, (some exceptions), which hormones are water soluble and which are lipid soluble?
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The water soluble hormones are the peptides: insulin, growth hormone, PTH, and prolactin; the polypep-tides:adrenocoricotropic hormone, ADH, Calictonin, Endorphins, Glucagon, Oxytocin, Thymosin, ...; The amines: epinephrine, and norepi nephrine, and the glycoproteins: FSH, LH, and thyroid stimulating hormone. The Lipid soluble hormones are: both thyroxines: T4 & T3, steroids: estrogen & testoster- one, glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) progestins (progesterone), and testosterone. and another biggies prostaglandins and leudotrienes.
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How do steroid and protein hormones send their messages?
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They are released humorally into the blood and then out to their target cells, where protein hormones act as the first messengerm as they target their receptors on the membrane. This interactions triggers a second messenger (cAMP) inside the cell, which then activvates the protein kinase cascade letting the hormone direct the actions of the cell. The fat-soluble steroid easily slips through teh membrane and targets the dna of the nucleus to spark a reaction through protein synthesis.
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Explain the negative feedback cycle of insulin.
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Glucose increases in the blood stream. Pancreas secretes insulin (produced by beta cells) into the blood stream to help activate transporters of the glucose to activate glucose metabolism. As glucose decreases in the bloodstream it signals back to pancreas to inhibit more insulin release.
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Explain the negative feedback cycle of PTH?
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First off parathormone is not instigated by the hypothalamus or pituitary, unlike other hormones. Parathormone is simply a feedback regulating hormone for calcium, and is the singlemost important factor in regulating calcium levels in the blood. When calcium is low in the blood PTH will trigger kidneys reaborb calcium back into the blood (avoiding excretion of calcium), the calcium absorption will increase in the intestine, and calcium will be pulled out of the bones (disintegrating bone). The increase of calcium automatically decreases phosphate in the blood. When the blood calcium levels go up, then PTH will be inhibited.
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What are the different examples of feedback systems used in hormones?
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There is: 1) simple feedback- (nega- tive feedback) or 2) positive feed- back (oxytocin is released for con- tractions, the contractions release even more oxytocin to keep contrac- tions regular), and 3) complex feed- back that involves several steps as with thyroxine. First thyroid stimulat- ing releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus, which stimulates TSH in the pituitary, which stimulates T4, then T3 to be released out the thyroid. T3 feeds back to inhibit TSRH. 4) Nervous system: the sympathetic stress response triggers epinephrine and norepinephrine in flight/fight response. The final regulation is 5) Rhythms. They originate from the brain like circadian rhythm, where hormones (like cortisol) levels circulate in a predictable pattern during a 24 hour period. They can be related to sleep/wake or light/dark cycles. Like melatonin, growth hormone, prolactin, etc....
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Which hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are considered tropic hormones, and what does this mean?
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Tropic hormones are stimulating hormones that stimulate secretion of hormones by other glands. For example: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret corticosteroids, and FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen.
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What disease is indicated when ADH is not working?
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Diabetes insipidus. You drink, drink, drink, and pee, pee, pee.
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ADH is known for pulling in water. What else is it known for?
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A potent vasoconstrictor.
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Where do oxytocin and ADH come from?
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The posterior pituitary gland
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What are the functions of the thyroid gland?
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Thyroid gland: Regulates metabolism, calorie requirements, oxygen consumption, carb. and lipid metabolism and g&d, brain functions and other nervous systems.
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Which is more abundant T4 or T3. Which is the precursor?
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T4 thyroid hormone is more abundant (at 90%) and is also the precursor to T3 thyroid hormone. They get their names from the number of iodine molecules they have. Triiodothyronine (T-3): Regulates metabolic rate of cells and processes of cell growth and tissue differentiation.
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What is the hormone that start with a C, comes from the thyroid gland and what is its function?
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Calcitonin: Builds bone. Its function is to inhibit calcium resorption out of the bone; increasing storage in the bone. Calcitonin maintains the levels of blood calcium at 9-11mg/dc. by making sure it pulls excess calcium into the bone. And inverse phosphorus is maintained at 2.8-4.5. FYI: Vitamin D also also helps calcium to absorbed into the gut.
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Describe the Adrenal gland and its corresponding hormones and functions
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The adrenal gland has 2 parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex makes up 80%, is outside layer, and it has 3 hormones from top to bottom layers: Top layer is zona glomerulosa which PRODUCES the mineralocorticoid ALDOSTERONE; 2nd layer is the zona fasiculata which holds the glucocorticoids: CORTISOL, cortisone, and corticosterone, and 3rd bottom layer is zona reticularis: holds androgens estrogens, and SECRETES ALDOSTERONE. Then the adrenal medulla is the center of the adrenal gland and it holds and secretes the catechol-amines: epinephrine and norepine-phrine, usually stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
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What type of receptors do epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to?
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They bind to andrenergic receptors.
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What are the various things that glucocorticoids do in our bodies? Which is the most potent of the glucocorticoids?
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Glucocorticoids which come from the 2nd layer (zona fasiculata) of the cortex in the adrenal gland are steroid hormones that have metabolic, antiinflammatory, growth effects, and sleep/awareness rhythm effects. In metabolism: they will act on hepatic tissue to stimulate glucose formation or decrease glucose use in muscle. Inflammatory; decreases cellular immunity by decrease tlymph and NK and macrophage cells, and will inhibit ADH when necessary., Cortisol levels are also increased by surgical stress, burns, infection, fever, acute anxiety, pain, and hypoglycemia. Lots of protection from these hormones in homeostasis.
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Physiologic Response to Stress is Interrelatedness of which 3 Systems?
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The nervous, immune, and endocrine systems.
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In the flight or fight response several things increase and 1 decreases.
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BP increases, HR increases, catecholamines increase and sustain, increased respirations, increase glucogenesis. The decrease is in peristalsis.
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What are the hormones involved in the pancreas?
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The A cells produce glucagon which works in the liver to promote glycogen and glucogenesis in order to raise blood glucose., The B cells produce insulin which is secreted by the pancreas in response to high glucose levels and helps transport the glucose to target cells in order to be metabolized effectively. Remember not the get Glucagon and glycogen mixed up.
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Which organs do not need insulin?
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Lens of the Eyes, brain, RBC, and kidneys do require insulin for glucose transport.
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Somatostatin?
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Is made from the delta cells in the pancreas and can inhibit glucagon and insulin?
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What is our primary regulator of metabolism?
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Insulin! Facilitates glucose transport
when blood glucose is elevated. Also affected by amino acid levels & vagal stimulation. Insulin decreases when blood glucose is low, or there is presence of glucagon, somato-statin, hypokalemia, or catecholamines. If there is inadequate insuline then people take exogenous insulin/ Antidiabetic agents. Normal values for adult insulin should be 70-100 mg/dl. |
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Name the different types of parenteral insulin, their route, their duration of effectiveness.
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1) TYPE: Short acting: called REGULAR INSULIN; ROUTE: the only one that can be given IV, but can also be given SQ. TIME: Onset: ½-1 hr; Peak: 2-4 hr; Duration: 6-8 hr. 2)TYPE: Intermediate acting: called:NPH: Neutral Protamne Hagedorn: ROUTE:SQ only. TIME:
Onset 1-2 hr, peak 6-12hr, duration 18-24 hr. 3)TYPE:Long acting, called:Lantus, ROUTE: (SQ only); TIME:Onset 1hr, even distribution, peak & duration over 24 hr. Give only daily @ hs (bedtime). |
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Name the different types of oral insulin, their duration of effectiveness.
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Oral insulin can only be taken by Type 2 diabetics. They decrease blood glucose and stimulate pancreas to produce insulin. There are: First & second generation sulfonylureas: 1) SHORT ACTING: Tolbutamide/glipizide; 2) INTER-MEDIATE ACTING: tolazamide
LONG ACTING: chlorpropamide/ glyburide |
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What specific diseases are related to each of the hormone producing organs and glands in children? (some happen in adults too)
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Pituitary hyperfunction: causeing early puberty or hypofuntion: slow or abnormal growth for age. Adrenal gland: Addisions disease (can cause hyperpigmentation), Pancreas: Diabetes mellitus I & II, Thyroid: Hypothyroidism or Grave's Disease, Kidneys: no ADH causing diabetes insipidus usually from head trauma to pituitary gland.
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Gerontologically speaking which hormones are increasing and decreasing in each of the gland/organ locations.
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Thyroid atrophy: Decreased TSH &T-3; Parathyroid: Increase in PTH leads to hypercalcemia/uria;
Adrenal cortex:Increase in cortisol, decrease in aldosterone;Adrenal medulla: Increase in norepinephrine and HTN; Pancreas increased fibrosis causes decreased insulin sensitivity causing increased chance of diabetes mellitus; Gonads: decreases in estrogen and testosterone in menopause and andropause. Pancreas: fibrosis, insulin sensitivity; DM Gonads: estrogen ; menopause, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis testosterone |
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What diagnostic hormone levels should be considered when look at possible malfunctions of corresponding endocrine glands and organs?
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Lab levels of : GH, prolactin, LH, ACTH, and TSH would indicate problem with pituitary gland. Lab levels measuring:T3 and free T4, and TSH would establish issues with the Thyroid gland. Lab levels measuring: PTH, Ca+, and phosphate would indicate issues in the Parathyroid gland. 24 hour urine, corisol, and aldosterone would point to any problems in the Adrenal gland. A glucose tolerance test or an Hgb AIC (hemoglobin hangs on to glucose), would point to any issues in the pancreas.
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What are norm and abnormal glucose levels?
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Normal levels 2.2-4.8% for nondiabetics. In the Hgb AIC test, the percent of hemoglobin that is glycolisated 2.5 -5.9% in a diabetic. ; Urine glucose, ketones; uncontrolled diabetic goes as high or higher than 8%.
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Electrolyte values to commit to memory.
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Electrolytes:Na+ 135-145 mg/dl; Chloride 95-105 mg/dl; K+ 3.5-5 mg/dl; Thyroid T3-T4 mcg/ng levels;
Blood glucose: 70-100mg/dl Calcium: 9-11mg/dl; and Phosphorus 2.8-4.5mg/dl |
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Possible endocrine medications for which organs?
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HRT can be given to treat malfunction of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, and pancreas. Glucocorticoids and insulin are examples.
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What are some key overall points Ms. Meredith wanted to remind us about regarding hormones.
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1)Hormones exert their effects on target tissue. 2) Regulation of hormone levels in blood depends on a highly specialized mechanism called feedback.3) The hypothala- mus & pituitary glands integrate communication between the nervous & endocrine systems.
4) Iodine is required for synthesis of thyroid hormones. 5)Insulin is the principal regulator of metabolism & storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, & proteins.5)Hormones affect every body tissue & system; resulting in great diversity in Signs/Symptoms of endocrine dysfunction. 6) Aging results in decreased hormone production & secretion, altered hormone metabolism, decrease in responsiveness of target tissues to hormones & alterations in circadian rhythms. 7) Children with endocrine disorders have ht/wt problems & related self-esteem issues. 8) Many childhood errors of metabolism can be diagnosed at birth with simple tests. 9)Most frequent pancreatic disorder in children is diabetes mellitus 10) Stress is a triple-system response that can result in illness: triple interelated: endocrine, immune, and nervous. |
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What are the hormones that are released during times of stress?
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ADH, ACTH, CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE, EPINEPHRINE, AND NOREPINEPHRINE.
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