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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What the structue of the GI tract?
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Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anal canal
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What are the parts of the small intestines?
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Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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What are the parts of the large intestines?
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ascending colon
transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon |
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What are the accessory organs to the GI?
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Salivary glands
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas |
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What tissue layers surround the GI tract?
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Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Serosa |
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What is the function of the GI tract?
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Secretion
Digestion Absorption Motility Elimination |
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What makes up the oral cavity?
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Buccal mucosa
Tongue Hard and soft palate Teeth Salivary glands |
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What does LES stand for?
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Lower esophageal sphincter
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What does UES stand for?
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Upper esophageal sphincter
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If the LES does not work properly, this can lead to what problem?
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GERD
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What is the esophagus's primary function?
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move food and fluids from the pharynx to the stomach
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What does the UES do when at rest?
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UES is closed and prevents air to go into the esophagus during respiration
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What does the LES do when it is at rest?
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closes to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
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What is the cardia of the stomach?
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the narrow portion of the stomach tha tis below the gastroesophageal (GE) junction
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What is the fundus of the stomach?
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the area nearest to the cardia
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What is the main area of the stomach referred to as?
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body or corpus
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Where is the antrum (pylorus) located?
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the distal (lower) portion of the stomach
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What separates the duodenum from the antrum?
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pyloric sphincter
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What guards both ends of the stomach?
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Cardiac sphincters
pyloric sphincters |
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What is parietal cells and what do they do?
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lining the wall of the stomach and secretes hydrochloric acid
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What does parietal cells produce?
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intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acid |
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What is intrinsic factor?
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a substance that aids in the absorption of vitamin B 12
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What will happen if there is an absence in the intrinsic factor?
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pernicious anemia
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Where is the stomach located?
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midline and left upper quadrant (LUQ) of abdomen
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Where is the pancreas located?
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behind the stomach and extends horizontally from the duodenal C-loop to the spleen
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Pancreas is divided into what portions?
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Head
body tail |
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What are the two major cellular bodies found within the pancreas?
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exocrine
endocrine |
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What is the exocrine part of the pancreas made up of?
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consists of cells that secrete enzymes needed for digestion
of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Trypsin, amylase, lipase, chymotripsin |
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What is the endocrine part of the pancreas made up of?
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made up of the islets of Langerhan (metabolism)
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What does the alpha cells in the pancreas produce?
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glucagon
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What does the beta cells in the pancreas produce?
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insulin
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Where is the liver located?
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RUQ of the abdomen
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What does the left and right hepatic duct transport?
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bile from the liver
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The liver receives its blood supply from where?
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hepatic artery and portal vein
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What are the 3 major functions of the liver?
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Storage
protection metabolism |
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What does the liver store?
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minerals and vitamins
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What does the protective function of the liver involve?
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phagocytic Kupffer cells engulf harmful bacteria and anemic red blood cells
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What detoxifies potentially harmful compounds?
(such as drugs, chemicals, alcohol) |
Liver
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What does the liver do in the metabolism function?
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breaks down amino acids to remove amonia, which is then converted to urea
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How is urea excreted from the body?
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through the kidneys
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What is the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism?
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storing and releasing glycogen as the body's energy requirements change
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What does the liver for and continually secretes?
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bile
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Bile is essential for what reason?
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to break down fat
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What causes the secretion of bile to increase?
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gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin
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Where is bile secreted?
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into small ducts that empty into the common bile duct
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Where does bile go after it is secreted into the common bile duct?
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the duodenum at the sphincter of Oddi
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If the Oddi spincter is closed where does the bile go?
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gallbladder for storage
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Where is the gallbladder located?
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underneath the liver
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How is the galbladder drained?
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by the cystic duct
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What two ducts join to make the common bile duct (CBD)?
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Cystic and hepatic duct
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What happens during the ingestion phase?
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Food and fluids are taken in, smooth muscles move food along tract
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What happens during the digestion phase?
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mechanical and chemical process of breakin gdown food from complex to simple forms
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What areas are used in the ingestion phase?
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Buccal mucosa
tounge hard and soft palate teeth salivary glands |
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What areas are used in the digestion phase?
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salviary glands
stomach liver pancreas gallbladder |
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What causes the motility in the stomach?
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smooth muscle lining
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What doe the intestinal phase cause?
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distention
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