Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
252 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
two examples of helminthes:
|
ascariasis (roundworm)
enterobiasis (pinworm) |
|
example of a spirochete infection:
|
Lyme disease
|
|
8 types of viral infections
|
varicella
rubella (german measles) rubeola (measles) Sars w. nile avian flu parotitis mono |
|
6 types of bacterial infections
|
pertussis (whooping cough)
tetanus diptheria meningitis salmonella tb |
|
how is ascariasis (round worm) transmitted?
|
ingestion of infected eggs (raw veggies grown in excrement, polluted drinking water.)
|
|
when assessing a client with round worm, what symptoms might you see?
|
protruding abd
swollen face thin arms and legs intestinal colic and vomiting wheezing and coughing can lead to gi obstruction |
|
how do you diagnose ascariasis?
|
stool for O&P
observe for worms |
|
how is enterobiasis (pinworm) transmitted?
|
-eggs from anus to mouth
-from contaminated food/clothing |
|
pinworm eggs remain infective on skin, bedclothes, and clothing for:
|
29 days
|
|
when assessing a client with pinworm, what symptoms might you see?
|
-intense perianal intching (worse at night
-irritability -short attn. span -malnourishment |
|
how do you diagnose pinworm?
|
stool for O&P
|
|
where do adult pinworms live?
|
small and large intestine
|
|
To prevent pinworm infestations, you should clean toilets/floors with:
|
10% bleach or lysol
|
|
to treat pinworm infestations, all family members
|
must be treated at the same time
|
|
to prevent pinworm infestations, avoid:
|
swimming in public pools that allow diapered babies
|
|
night clothes and linens should be washed with what to treat pinworm
|
hot water and soap
|
|
a tick must be on you for how many hours before you contract lyme disease?
|
36-48hours
|
|
How is lyme disease transmitted?
|
bite of infected deer tick
|
|
what two tests are used to diagnose lyme disease?
|
elisa, western blot
|
|
stage one of lime disease last for how many days?
|
1-32 after tick bite
|
|
what are some symptoms of lyme disease during stage one? (6)
|
fatigue
malaise sore throat fever back and neck pain rash (bulls eye config possible) |
|
what is the txmnt for stage one of lyme disease
|
3-4 weeks oral antibiotics
|
|
what are some symptoms of lyme disease during stage two? (7)
|
-severe h/a
-memory lapse -facial paralysis -mild cardica problems -conjunctivitis -photophobia -neck stiffness |
|
what is the txmnt for stage two of lyme disease
|
3-4 weeks IV antibiotics
|
|
stage III of lyme disease can happen any time between:
|
weeks to years after infection.
|
|
what are the symptoms of stage III lyme disease
|
-arthralgia
-swelling -reddness -limitied ROM of lg joints -encephatlitis -neuropathies |
|
whats the txment for someone in stage III of lyme disease?
|
prolonged course of IV antibiotics
|
|
what are some health promotions/client educations for prevention of lyme disease?
|
-avoid wooded grassy areas may to july
- walk on cleared paths -use tick repellents with deet or permethrin -use tick repellents, collars on pets -tick checks after being in high risk areas -tick must be attached to body for 36-48 hours to transmit disease |
|
When in the chicken pox (varicella) communicable?
|
1-2 days before vesicles appear until the vesicles dry
|
|
how is varicella (chicken pox) transmitted? (4)
|
direct contact
droplet infection airborne contact w/contaminated articles |
|
the chicken pox rash begins on:
|
trunk
|
|
what are some symptoms of varicella (chicken pox) ?
|
fever
malaise anorexia rash pruritis |
|
when should children be immunized for the chicken pox?
|
one dose between 12-18 mo.
|
|
what if the child hasn't been immunized for varicella, and they are over 13 years old. How do you immunize them?
|
2 doses, 4 weeks apart
|
|
treat chicken pox with:
|
calamine lotion
oatmeal bath baking soda paste |
|
when is rubella (german measles) communicable?
|
7 days before onset until 5 days after onset
|
|
what four ways can rubella be transmitted?
|
direct contact droplet
indirect contact droplet airborne transplacental |
|
What is the immunization for german measles called?
|
MMR
|
|
when should a child get a immunization (MMR)for german measles? (2x)
|
12 months; 4 years
|
|
what are some symptoms of german measles? (rubella)
|
-fever
-h/a -cough -lymphadnopothy -pinkish/red macular pacular arthralgias |
|
Tx for rubella (german measles)
|
pallative, analgesics, antipyretics, encourage fluids, keep pregnant women away!
|
|
When is RUBEOLA (measles) communicable?
|
4 days prior to rash until 5 days after onset.
|
|
how is rubeola (measles) transmitted? (3)
|
-direct contact with resp. droplets
-urine -blood |
|
what are some symptoms for rubeola (measles)?
|
fever
malaise lethargy conjunctivitis cough coryza KOPLICK SPOTS |
|
only found in rubeola, small red spots, bluish white centers opposite molars
|
koplick spots
|
|
When should someone get immunized for Rubeola?
|
12months and 4 years
|
|
for people with rubeola, give them what for fever?
|
antipyretic
|
|
for people with rubeola, do what to help with the conjunctiva?
|
clean eyes, dim lights
|
|
Parotitis stands for
|
mumps
|
|
when are mumps (parotitis) communicable?
|
6 days before swelling to 9 days after onset
|
|
what two ways can mumps be contracted?
|
droplet from saliva
direct contact from saliva |
|
when should someone get immunized for mumps? (parotitis)
|
12 months and 4 years
|
|
what are some symptoms for mumps?
|
fever, h/a, malaise, anorexia, earache from chewing
|
|
By the 3rd day with the mumps, what gland is swollen and painful?
|
parotid
|
|
what is a major complication in post puberty boys
|
Orchitis
|
|
Orchitis causes severe:
|
swelling of the testis
|
|
to treat orchitis, a complication of the mumps, a boy should do what 3 things?
|
-be on soft semi liquid diet
-wear tight undies -don't consume acidic foods |
|
infective mononucleosis is caused by what kind of virus?
|
epstein-barr
|
|
how is mono transmitted? (2)
|
direct contact with saliva
blood transfusion |
|
mono may be contagious for how long?
|
years
|
|
what is the most common age group to get mono?
|
15-25 y.o.
|
|
what 3 diagnostic tests are available for mono?
|
-monospot
-differential wbc -ultrasound of the spleen |
|
cardinal sign for mono is:
|
painful exudative tonsillitis (difficulty swallowing.)
|
|
some symptoms of mono: (3)
|
difficulty swallowing
fever fatigue |
|
what are two things you should teach clients who have mono not to do?
|
no heavy lifting
no contact sports |
|
how is w. nile virus transmitted?
|
bite from infected mosquitos
|
|
what age group is at risk for w. nile virus?
|
over 50 y.o.
|
|
what are some symptoms of w. nile virus?
|
h/a
stiff neck high fever muscle weakness confusion |
|
w. nile virus can cause fatal:
|
encephalitis
|
|
SARS stands for:
|
severe acute respiratory syndrome
|
|
how many days should a client be quarantined when they find out they have sars or have been around someone infected with sars?
|
10 days
|
|
how is sars transmitted?
|
direct contact with resp. secretions
|
|
What type of precautions is a sars patient on?
|
airborne
|
|
what are some symptoms for sars?
|
dry cough
sob fever >100.4 hypoxemia pneumonia |
|
what 5 ways is sars treated?
|
interferon
cysteine protease inhibitors surfaxin antibiotics steroids |
|
what is Surfaxin?
|
liquid surfactant
|
|
What does a cysteine protease inhibitor do?
|
inhibits viral replication
|
|
What keeps virus from entering cell?
|
interferon
|
|
water must stand for how long before mosquitos multiply?
|
5-7 days
|
|
the avian flu is also known as:
|
A(h5n1)
|
|
the avian flu is transmitted thru:
|
water and soil that's been infected by bird feces
|
|
A(H5N1) can survive in soil for how long?
|
3 months
|
|
A(H5N1) can survive in water for how long?
|
30 days
|
|
what must a(h5n1) do to pass easily from human to human?
|
mutate
|
|
what two ways can the avian flu mutate?
|
adaptation
gene swap |
|
virus enters a human cell, gradually mutates, mutation makes it easier for virus to attack human cells:
|
ADAPTATION
|
|
when 2 viruses enter human cells and replicate
|
gene swap
|
|
someone with the avian flu will be on what type of precautions?
|
airborne
|
|
what should you inquire about when testing for avian flu?
|
recent travels to asian countries incl. turkey and romania.
|
|
what vaccine is available for Diptheria?
|
DTP
|
|
what are some symptoms for diptheria?
|
low grade fever
fatigue h/a sore and edematous throat (bull throat) |
|
what type of precautions is a person with diptheria on?
|
droplet
|
|
what should you keep at the bedside of a diptheria client?
|
tracheostomy tray
|
|
characterized by a pseudomembrane covering the posterior pharynx. Rubbery membrane forms and covers inflammed tissue of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharnx in what communicable disease?
|
diptheria
|
|
what are the 3 stages of pertussis? (whooping cough)
|
catarrhal
paroxysmal convalescense |
|
the catarrhal stage of pertussis lasts how long?
|
1-2 weeks
|
|
the paroxysmal stage of pertussis lasts how long?
|
4-6 weeks
|
|
During the catarrhal stage (I) of pertussis, what are some common symptoms?
|
coryza
conjunctivitis cough fever |
|
Pertussis is highly contagious in the: stage
|
catarrhal
|
|
during the paroxysmal stage of pertussis (II), what happens?
|
coughing ends in a loud whoop. During coughing spasms, eyes buldge, tongue pertrudes, red cheeks, thick mucus plug dislodges, vomit
|
|
What are 3 txments for pertussis?
|
-antibiotics
-increase fluids -sm. freq. meals |
|
what immunization is available for pertussis?
|
DPT
|
|
when does someone receive the DPT immunization?
|
2,4,6,15 months and 4 years
|
|
how does tetanus get transmitted?
|
from soil to open wounds
|
|
what are some symptoms of tetanus?
|
irritability
h/a fever painful spasms of muscles |
|
with tetanus, any wounds to the head and face are
|
fatal
|
|
tetanus likes to live in
|
dead tissue
|
|
if a client has bacterial meningitis, they are put on what type of precautions?
|
droplet
|
|
how is meningitis diagnosed?
|
lumbar puncture/spinal tap
|
|
what immunization is available for meningitis?
|
hib
|
|
what three things should be monitiored on someone with meningitis?
|
hydration
electrolytes increased intracranial pressure |
|
inflammation of cns, spreads to cerebral spinal fluid to subarachnoid space with:
|
bacterial meningitis
|
|
what are some symptoms of meningitis?
|
fever
vomiting h/a stiff neck seizures irritability |
|
how is salmonellosis transmitted?
|
food contamination
|
|
how is salmonella diagnosed?
|
stool culture
|
|
symptoms of salmonella:
|
abd pain
fever foul diarrhea |
|
what type of precautions is a client with tb put on?
|
airborne
|
|
symptoms for tb:
|
cough for more then 3 wks
fever chills night sweats fatigue anorexia wt. loss |
|
with tb, a cough may last for:
|
more then 3 weeks
|
|
clients are more at risk for tb if they:
|
have another chronic disease
|
|
what are some diagnostic tests for tb? (4)
|
ppd
cxr sputum smear culture for afb |
|
three major principles of nursing care for the client with communicable disease
|
1. prevent the spread of infection by using aseptic practice
2. disease managment 3. health promotion |
|
hiv stands for:
|
human immunodeficiency virus
|
|
Hiv is a disease along a continuum. It ranges from:
|
asymptomatic infection to full blown aids
|
|
hiv was discovered by a french scientist in
|
1983
|
|
where and from what did hiv originate?
|
w. africa
chimps |
|
what type of virus is hiv?
|
retrovirus
|
|
what 4 types of cells are affected by hiv?
|
CD4
t lymphocytes monocytes macrophages |
|
what cells decrease while replicating more hiv?
|
cd4
|
|
hiv process is in a slowed state of activity until the CD4 cells are activated by :
|
an invasion of pathogens
|
|
the stimulation of the immune system causes an increased replication of HIV cells rather than an increase in:
|
cd4 cells
|
|
HIV is a bloodborne infection that is transmitted in three ways:
|
sexually
infected blood mother to infant |
|
most common mode of transmission of HIV
|
sexual contact with hiv infected partner
|
|
whats the percentage for contracting hiv with one act of receptive anal intercourse?
|
0.5-3% chance
|
|
whats the percentage for contracting hiv with one act of vaginal intercourse?
|
0.1% chance
|
|
whats the percentage for contracting hiv with one time of sharing a needle with an hiv infected person?
|
1%
|
|
what percentage of neonates born to hiv infected mothers will have the virus?
|
20-25%
|
|
can hiv be transmitted thru breast milk?
|
yes
|
|
infection with hiv is a gradual destruction of the:
|
body's immune system
|
|
transmission of hiv is possible during what stages?
|
all 5
|
|
what is the first stage of hiv called?
|
acute retroviral syndrome (window phase)
|
|
the acute retroviral syndrome (window phase) of hiv lasts for how long?
|
1-3 weeks
|
|
In this stage of hiv, the antigen in the system, but body hasn't developed antibodies yet, no symptoms yet, hard to detect
|
acute retroviral syndrome (window phase)
|
|
it takes this long for the hiv antibody test to become positive:
|
3wks to 3months
|
|
from 3 wks- 3 months, a person with hiv will experience the following symptoms:
|
flu like symptoms
low grade fever chills malaise skin rash lymphadenopathy |
|
the third phase of hiv infection is called the:
|
early chronic infection
|
|
the early chronic infection (stage III) will start when?
|
1-20 years after infection
|
|
what is encouraged with ppl who have hiv virus?
|
exercise
|
|
the fourth stage of hiv is known as:
|
intermediate chronic infection.
|
|
the intermediate chronic infection of hiv will last
|
1-3 years
|
|
during the intermediate chronic infection of hiv, what are some symptoms?
|
they vary. Immune system starts to fail., persistant low grade fever, diarrhea, lesions, night sweats, weight loss, cognitive slowing,peripheral neuropathy
|
|
the fifth stage of hiv is known as:
|
late chronic infection
|
|
During the late chronic infection, hiv turns to:
|
aids
|
|
during the late chronic infection (AIDS), what symptoms occur?
|
respiratory pneumonia, wasting gi problem
|
|
what two tests are used to diagnose hiv?
|
elisa, western blot
|
|
blood is tested for hiv with the elisa test 2x because
|
the elisa test provides a large number of false positives
|
|
after the elisa test comes up positive for hiv, we do what test?
|
western blot
|
|
what types of lubes should we tell people to use when worried about hiv?
|
water based
|
|
If you have an needle using drug addict, what could you teach them about limited chance of getting hiv?
|
clean equip with bleach
use needle exchange program dont share rehab |
|
treat hiv pregnant female with what during pregnancy and delivery?
|
azt
|
|
newborns to hiv infected mothers are treated with
|
azt
|
|
elected C sections decrease chance of passing hiv to fetus to what percentage? (must be before membranes are ruptured)
|
10%
|
|
what is the normal level for CD4 of a normal/noninfected person?
|
600-1200mm3
|
|
what is the level of CD4 in a person with generalized hiv symptoms?
|
200-500mm3
|
|
what is the level of CD4 in a person with infections and malignancies associated with aids?
|
200 and under
|
|
branched dna is also know as
|
viral load
|
|
what measures the amount of hiv virus circulating in peripheral blood?
|
branched DNA or viral load
|
|
a desirable viral load is:
|
10,000 or less
|
|
a retrovirus uses several different enzymes to replicate and assemble more HIV within the cell. Pharmacological txmnts target:
|
these enzymes and block their actions
|
|
What are three types of meds that help with hiv?
|
protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and reverse transciptase inhibitors
|
|
blocks viral HIV RNA from transforming into cell dna. It also blocks viral hiv from incorporating into new cells as they divide
|
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
|
|
What block viral replication in the cells
|
protease inhibitors
|
|
what prevents binding of hiv to healthy cells, thus blocking entry
|
fusion inhibitors
|
|
fusion inhibitors are given how? how often?
|
SC injection, bid
|
|
is herpes curable?
|
no
|
|
type I hsv affects areas:
|
above waist
|
|
type II hsv affects areas:
|
below the waist
|
|
2 risk factors for HSV?
|
prior hsv infections
impaired immune system |
|
what part of the nerve does hsv affect?
|
ganglion
|
|
initial infection of hsv can appear like:
|
flu like symptoms
|
|
Purulent vaginal drainage, painful urination, single or multiple leasion that heal without scarring are all symptoms of:
|
hsv
|
|
what causes an outbreak to occur once infected?
|
stress, fever, emotional upset, over exposure to sun
|
|
can herpes be transmitted during delivery?
|
yes
|
|
what 4 tests are availble to diagnose hsv?
|
visual, pap smear, viral culture of fluid inside vesicle, tissue culture
|
|
is herpes reported to health dept?
|
no
|
|
what three things can help people with hsv?
|
antiviral meds
viscous lidocain burrows solution |
|
how may different types of gential warts are there?
|
over 70
|
|
what is gential warts caused by?
|
hpv
|
|
what is wart growth facilitated by?
|
warm moist conditions
|
|
warts are usually what 2 colors?
|
gray or white
|
|
when will warts enlarge?
|
during pregnancy
|
|
warts can settle where in an infant?
|
larynx
|
|
what 3 ways can warts be diagnosed?
|
biopsy
pap smear visual exam |
|
what is the mode of transmission for gential warts?
|
sexual contact
|
|
who is eligable for hpv vaccine?
|
12-14 y.o. girls who are not sexually active
|
|
what percentage of women with gential warts get cervical cancer?
|
70
|
|
what therapy can eradicate hpv (warts)
|
none
|
|
is gonorrhea reported to the health dept?
|
yes
|
|
how is gonorrhea transmitted?
|
sexual contact
|
|
s/s of gonorrhea
|
can be asymptomatic; purulent, yellow green drainage, dysuria, urinary freq, pelvic or abd pain, vaginal burning
|
|
can gonorrhea be treated and cured?
|
yes
|
|
what are some symptoms in men with gonorrhea?
|
redness, swelling, pain, drainage
|
|
what diagnostic test is available for gonorrhea?
|
smear/culture
|
|
what should newborns receive if mother has gonorrhea?
|
prophylactic eye ointment (erythromycin)
|
|
if newborns born to mothers with gonorrhea are untreated they can become:
|
blind
|
|
what two big problems are associated with untreated gonorrhea?
|
ectopic pregnancies, sterility
|
|
is syphillis reported to the local health dept?
|
yes
|
|
what are the four stages of syphillis?
|
primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
|
|
during the primary stage of syphillis, what is a main symptom?
|
painless open sore or chancre
|
|
syphillis is HIGHLY contagious during what stage?
|
I
|
|
without txment of syphillis, chancre usually disappears when?
|
in 6wks
|
|
during the secondary stage of syphillis, what symptoms are present?
|
rash, alopecia, malaise
|
|
during the latent stage of syphillis, what symptoms are present?
|
none
|
|
the secondary stage of syphillis occurs how long after chancre appears?
|
6wks to 6months
|
|
what disease is known for skin lesions on hands and feet?
|
syphillis
|
|
in what stage is syphillis no infectious except to fetus of pregnant woman
|
latent
|
|
when does the tertiary stage of syphillis occur?
|
3-20 years after initial infection
|
|
how do you diagnose a person with syphillis if theyve had it for more than a year?
|
lumbar puncture
|
|
if a client has syphillis for less then a year, treat them with:
|
PCN IM in one large dose
|
|
when does syphillis become uncurable?
|
tertiary phase
|
|
follow up care is important for all stages of:
|
syphillis
|
|
what is the most common sti in the us?
|
chlamydia
|
|
is chlamydia reported to health depts?
|
yes
|
|
45% of clients seeking treatment for gonorrhea also have:
|
chlamydia
|
|
40% of women with PID have PID as a result of:
|
chlamydia
|
|
50% of all people in world have
|
chlamydia
|
|
in females with chlamydia, what are some symptoms?
|
painful urination, abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain.
|
|
chlamydia may cause: (3)
|
pid, ectopic pregnancy, infertility
|
|
neonates are at risk for what if mother has chlamydia?
|
opthalmia neonatorum
|
|
what two tests can diagnose chlamydia?
|
cell culture, 4hr quick lab test
|
|
what groups are at risk for bacterial vaginosis, or gardnerella vaginallis?
|
sexually active women. reoccurence if sex partners untreated
|
|
a change in vaginal flora, causing an alkaline vaginal pH causes:
|
gardnerella vaginalis.
|
|
if the vaginal ph is below 4.5:
|
gardnerlla vaginalis
|
|
paste liek vaginal discharge, fishy odor without inflammation
|
gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
what are people treated with who have gardnerella vaginalis?
|
flagyl
|
|
causes urethritis, epididymitis, inflammation, and rectal discharge in men:
|
yeast infection (fungal vaginits or monilial)
|
|
causes white curdlike discharge, itching, edema, redness in women
|
yeast infection (fungal vaginits or monilial)
|
|
if the vaginal ph is below 4.5:
|
gardnerlla vaginalis
|
|
if the vaginal ph is below 4.5:
|
gardnerlla vaginalis
|
|
paste liek vaginal discharge, fishy odor without inflammation
|
gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
what are people treated with who have gardnerella vaginalis?
|
flagyl
|
|
paste liek vaginal discharge, fishy odor without inflammation
|
gardnerella vaginalis
|
|
what are people treated with who have gardnerella vaginalis?
|
flagyl
|
|
causes urethritis, epididymitis, inflammation, and rectal discharge in men:
|
yeast infection (fungal vaginits or monilial)
|
|
causes urethritis, epididymitis, inflammation, and rectal discharge in men:
|
yeast infection (fungal vaginits or monilial)
|
|
causes white curdlike discharge, itching, edema, redness in women
|
yeast infection (fungal vaginits or monilial)
|
|
causes white curdlike discharge, itching, edema, redness in women
|
yeast infection (fungal vaginits or monilial)
|
|
asymptomatic to prurits, green/yellow vaginal discharge
|
trichomoniasis
|
|
how is trichomoniasis treated
|
flagyl
|
|
a complex infectious process in which organisms from the lower genital tract migrates from the cervix to the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes
|
PID pelvic inflammatory disease
|
|
abd discomfort to severe pain, gever, fatigue, yellow or green vaginal discharge and reddened cervix are symptoms of:
|
PID
|
|
all sti's increase chance of:
|
cancer
miscarriages passing infection to fetus. |