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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiology definition
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Characterizing the distribution of health status, diseases, or other health problems
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Who was James Lynn?
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Scurvy
Found link between lack of citrus fruits and incidences of scurvy on ships 1770s |
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Who is considered the father of epidemiology?
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John Snow
Linked cholera rates to water supply |
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Determinants?
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The factors, exposures, characteristics, and behavior that determine the health pattern
How Why |
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Endemic
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Within the normal ranges of the population
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Epidemic
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Exceeds the normal ranges of the population
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Pandemic
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Exceeds the normal ranges in 2 countries or more
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Morbidity
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Extent of the illness, injury, or disability in a defined population
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Mortality
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Bills of mortality is a system of tracking and understanding the cause of death that was developed in the late 1600s
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Risk
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Refers to the probability that an event will occur within a specific time period
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Incidence rate
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The rate of development of new cases in a population at risk
Numerator- # of new cases Denominator- pop at mid year x100,000 |
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Prevelance proportion
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Measure of existing cases at a given point of time (new cases + old)
# is then divided by mid year pop x100,000 |
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Crude death rate-Mortality rate
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Total number of deaths during a year divided by mid year pop
X 1,000 or 100,000 result equals # of deaths per whatever number you multiply by (ex 4.5 per 1,000) |
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Cause specific death rate
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Total # of deaths from a specific cause, divided by mid year pop
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What are the elements of the epidemiologic triangle?
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Agent
Host Environment |
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Prepathogenesis period?
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Encompasses the stages of suceptibility and adaptation
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Susceptibility stage?
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Interactions occur among the person, host, and causative agent
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Adaptation stage?
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Changes occur in the body in response to the agent or stimulus but no physiologic symptoms occur
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Screening
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Key component to seconday prevention (4 elements)
1) Validity 2) Sensitivity 3) Specificity 4) Reliability |
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Validity?
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How accurate
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Sensitivity?
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How accurately the test identifies those with the condition or trait
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Specificity?
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How accurately the test identifies those without the condition or trait
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Reliability?
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consistency or repeatability
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Descriptive epidemiology
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Describes the amount of and distribution of disease, death, and other health concerns in pop
Describes person, place, and time |
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Analytic epidemiology
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Seeks to discover the determinants of outcomes
How and why |
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What are the modes of transmission?
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Direct -person to person
Indirect- intermediate (ex mosquito) Vertical- Parent to offspring, sperm, placenta, breast milk, etc.. |
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What are the types of immunity?
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Natural
Acquired Active/ Artificial Passive Herd Infectiousness (how likely u r to get) |
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Incubation period?
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How long between invasion and 1st appearance of symptoms
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Communicable period
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Time in which agent can be transfered
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Environmental health definition?
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Freedom from illness or injury related to expose to toxic agents and other environmental conditions that are potentially detrimental to human health
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Toxicology
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The science that investigates the adverse effects of chemicals on health
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Toxicity
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The ability of a chemical to affect the human body
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Clean Air Act
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passed in 63 revised 97
Mandates to control air contaminants |
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What are the 3 main sources to water contamination
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Industrial wastes
Sewage Agricultural chemicals |
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Hazardous wastes
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Any material that might pose a threat or danger to human health when improperly handled such as infectious wastes, radioactive substances, chemical agents, and flammable products
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Right to know
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Public has the right ot know about the hazardous chemicals that are present in the community
companies that emit toxic chemicals have to report to the EPA ex |
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Consumer confidence
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This report is provided by the supplier once per year to describe the testing that was done and the results of the testing
Water suppliers ex. |
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MSDS
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Material Safety Data Sheets
Required by OSHA to inform the employees about the hazardous chemicals, risk, and use |
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Environmental Justice
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Heatlh risks disproportionately affect poor people and people of color in the US
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Healthy People 2010 for Environmental Health
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Reduce hospitalizations for asthma
Reduce the proportion of children who are regularly exposed to tobacco smoke at home Eliminate elevated blood lead levels in children Increase the proportion of persons living in pre 1950's homes that have been tested for the presence of lead based paint. |
