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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incorporates rx finding into their decisions and their interactions with clients
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evidence-based practice EBP
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The collection and analysis of numeric information
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Quantitative Research
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Cornerstone of EBP; comprehensive rx info
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Intergrative reviews
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Designed to assess and documenet effectiveness of health care services
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Outcomes research
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World view; general perspective on the complexities of reality
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Paradigm
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Naturalistic inquiry
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qualitative rx
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General set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire info
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Scientific method
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Evidence that is rooted in objective reality and gathered directly or indirectly through the senses rather than through personal beliefs or hunches; quantitative rx
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Empirical evidence
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Investigation or a rx project
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study
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designed to generate knowledge to guide clinical practice
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clinical studies
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Research team with a mixture of clinical, theoretical and methodological skills
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Collaborative studies
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Quantitative study people
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Subjects/ study participants
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Qualitative study people
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Informatnts
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Abstracts of particular aspects of human bx and characteristics
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Concepts (quan)
Phenomena (qual) |
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Abstractions that are deliberately and systematically invented by researchers
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Constructs
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Systematic, abstract explanation of some aspect of reality
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Theory
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In quantitative sutdy use deductive reasoning; make predictions if theory was true
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Conceptual model/ framework
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Quan study; concepts are referred to as this like wt, anxiety level, body temp...
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Variables
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Presumed cause
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IV
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Presumed effect; what they want to understand
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DV
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The abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied
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Conceptual definition
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Defines how variables will be observed and measured
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Operational definition
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Pieces of info
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data
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Numerical info
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quantitative data
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Narrative descriptions
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Qualitative data
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Refers to the accuracy and consistency of info
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Reliability
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Soundness of the study's evidence; findings are congent, convincing?
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Validity
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Use of multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth
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Triangulation
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Influence that produces a distortion in the study results
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Bias
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Rxers actively introduce an intervention or treatment
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Experimental rx
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Rxers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments
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Nonexperimental rx
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Seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a social setting
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Grounded theory
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Approach to thinking about what life experiences of poeple are like and what they mean
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Phenomenology
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Studying the patterns and experiences of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion
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Ethnography
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ALL the individuals or objects with common, defining characteristics
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Population
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Subset of a population
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Sample
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Occurs when themes and categories in teh data become repetitive and redundant
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Saturation
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Reviewers are not told rxers' names and visa-vera
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"blind" reviews
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A conventional format for organizing content
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IMRAD (introduciton, method, results and discussion)
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Brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the journal article
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abstract
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Model for many of the guidelines adopted by specific disciplines; basis for regulations
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Belmont report
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Imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits
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Beneficence
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Researchers' duty to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm to study participants
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Nonmaleficence
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Menetary incentive offerd to encourage the participation of an ecomonically disadv group might be midely coercive
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stipend
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Researcher has fully discribed the nature of the study, person's right to refuse participation and researchers responsibilities
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Full disclosure
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The collection of info without participants' knowledge
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Covert data collection
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Risks anticipated to be no greater than those ordinarily encounttered in daily life
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Minimal risk
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When even researcher cannot link a participant with his or her data
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Anonymity
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Child's affirmative agreement to participate
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Assent (7 +)
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External review of the ethical aspect of a study by...
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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Enigmatic, perplexing or troubling conditions
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Research problem
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Specific queries researches want to answer in addition to the reserach problem
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Research questions
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Articulates the problem to be addressed
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Problem statement
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Researcher's summary of the overall goal
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Statement of purpose
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Hypothesis that specifies not only the existences but the expected direction of the relationship b/w variables; says like are associated, is related...
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Directional hypothesis
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Does not stipulate the direciton of the relation; differ with...
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Nondirectional hypothesis
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State that there is no relationship b/w the IV and DV
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Null Hypothesis
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Statement of a predicted relationship relationship b/w two or more variables
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hypothesis
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Predicts the exisence of relationships
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research hypothesis
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Research reports which are descriptions of studies written by the researchers who conducted them
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Primary source
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Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher
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Secondary source
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Technique for intergrating quanitative resesarch finding statistically; treats findings as one piece of data
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Meta-Analysis
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The most basic entity on which the anlysis focuses; individiual studies
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Unit of analysis
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Qualitative; involves integrating qualitative research findings on a specific topic that are themselves interpretive syntheses of data (phenomenological, ethnographic and grounded study); involves interpretation
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Metasynthesis
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Written summary of the state of existing knowledge on a research problem
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Lit review
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Abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about how phenomena are interrelated; explains
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Theory
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Theory that accounts for a single phenomenon; inductive, empirically driven; "describes"
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Descriptive theory
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Deals with abstractions that are assembled b/c of their relevance to a common theme
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conceptual model
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Conceptual underpinning of a study
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Framework
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The four concepts are centered to models of nursing are...
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Person, environment, health and nursing
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Symbolic representations of the phenomena that depict a conceptual model through the use of symbols or diagrams
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Schematic model/ conceptual models
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Therotical frameworks from nonnursing disciplines are _______, but if they ahve been found to be productive they are __________.
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Borrowed theories,
Shared theories |
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Experimenters consciously vary teh IV and then observe its effect of the DV
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Manipulation
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This design involves the observation of the DV at two points in time: before and after treatment
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Pretest-Posttest
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________ is a group of participants whose performance on a DV is used to evalulate the performance of the _______ group (the group receiving the treatment) on the same DV
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Control group
Experimental group |
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Every participant has an equal chance of being included in any group
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Randomization
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Effects resulting from the manipulated variables
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Main effects
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Effects resulting from combining the treatment
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Interaction effects
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Broad class of design
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Between-subject design
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Same subjects are compared
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within-subject design
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Exposing participants to more than one treatment
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Crossover design
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Neither the subjects not those administering the treatment know who is in the experiemntal or control group
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Double-blind experiemnts
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Lack either randomization or control-group freatures; effort is introduced to make some controls
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Quasi-experiments
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No safegards are used for a control group
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Preexperiental
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Observational study; comparing two groups as they natually occur; when IV can't be manipulated or it is unethical
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Nonexperimental
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Collection of data at one point in time; fixed point in time
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Cross-selection designs
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Collect data at more than one point in time over an extended period
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Longitudinal design
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Samples from a population are studied over time
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Trend studies
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Undertaken to determine the subsequent status of subjects with a specified condition
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Follow-up studies
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Only subjects who are the same with respect to extraneous variables are included in the study; variables are not allowed to vary
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homogeneity
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Involves using info about subject characteristics (age and gender) to form comparison group
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Matching
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Ability of the design to detect true relationships among variables
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Statistical power
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Extent to which it is possible to make an inference that the IV is truly causing the DV
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Internal validity
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Occurrence of events concourrent with the IV that can affect the DV
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History threat
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Encompasses biases resulting from preexisting differences b/w groups
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Selection threat
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Arises from processes occurrring as a result of time (growth, fatigue) rather than the IV
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Maturation threat
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Loss of subjects during a study
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Mortality threat
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Generalizability of rx findings to other settings or samples, issue of great importance for those interenst in evidence-based pracice
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External validity
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A design that emerges as researches make ONGOING DECISIONS reflecting what has already been learned
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Emergent design
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Concerned with lived experiences of humans
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Phenomenology
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Culture, anthropology; human cultures
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Ethnography
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Human behavior
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Ethology
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Social settings; sociology
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Grounded theory
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Critique of society and with envisioning new possibilityes; action-oriented
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Critical theory
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Designed to assess the effectivenss of clinical interventions
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Clinical trials
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Clinical trials phase:
1 2 3 4 |
1. Pre-experimental design
2. Pilot test 3. Full experimental 4. descision to adopt treatment |
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Phase III uses______
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Randomized clinical trial (RCT)
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How well a program, treatment, practice or policy works
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Evaluations
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Designed to document the effectivess of health care services
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Outcomes research
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Obtains info regarding the prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables within a population
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Survey
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In-depth investigaitons of a single entity or a small number of entities
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Case study
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Examins methods of obtaining and analyzing the data and addresses the development, validation and evaluation of research tools or methods
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Methodoloigcal research
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Planned integration of qualitative and quantitative data within single studies or coordinated clusters of studies
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Mixed method
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Entire aggregation of cases that meet specified criteria
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Population
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Specify the characteristics that delimit the study population
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Eligibility criteria
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Entire population in which researcher is interested
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Target population
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Comptrises cases from the target population that are accessible to the researcher
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Accessible population
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Process of selecting a portion fo the population to represent the entire population
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Sampling
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Systematic overrespresentation or underrespresentation of some segment of the population
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Sampling bias
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Populaiton consist of subpopulation or _______ which are mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic (like gender)
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Strata
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When researchers select elements by nonrandom methods
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Nonprobability sampling
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Each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected
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Random selection
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Involves random selection of elements from the population
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Probability sampling
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Involves the number of every kth person
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Systematic sampling
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There is a successive random sampling of units
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Cluster sampling
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Number of subjects in a sample
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sample size
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uses the most readily available or most convenient group of people
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convenience sampling
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Type of convenience sampling in which referrals for potential participants are made by those in sample
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snowball sampling
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Participants are handpicked based on teh researcher's knowledge about the population
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Purposive sampling
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Divides the population into homogeneous subgroups from which elements are selected at random
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Stratified random sampling
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Used in grounded study; guides them in selecting data sourcese that maximinze information richness
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Theoretical sampling
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Participants' responses to questions posed by teh researcher as in an interveiw
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Self-report
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Used when researchers have no preconceived view of the content or flow of info to be gathered
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Completely unstructred interview
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When researchers have a list of topics or broad questions
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Semi-structured
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Inverviews with groups of about 10 or more people
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Focus group interview
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Narrative self-disclosures about individual life experiences
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life histories
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Qualitative method; thinking, problem solving, decision making; audio-recording devices
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Think aloud methods
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Method of gathering peoples bx by examining specific incidents relating to the bx under study
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critical incidents technique
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Questions in whcih responce alternatives are pre-specified by the researcher; either yes or no or complex expressions of opinion
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Close-ended questions
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Respond to question in their own words
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Open-ended questions
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Just yes or no
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Dichotomous Question
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Device designed to assign a numeric score to people to place them on a continuum with respect to attributes being measured
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scale
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Consists of several declarative statements that express a viewpoint or topic
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Likert scale
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A person's total score
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summated rating scale
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Used to measure subjective experiences; pain, fatigue, n...
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visual analog scale
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Brief descriptions of situations to which respondents are asked to react
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Vignettes
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Participants are presented with a set of cards on which words, phrases or statements are written
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Q sort
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Represent the observer's efforts to record info and also to synthesize and understand the data
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Field notes
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Daily record of events and converstaions
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log
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Involves the selection of time periods during which observations will occur
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Time sampling
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Selects integral bx or events for observation; requries researchers to either have knowledge about the occurrence of eents or be in a position to wait for the occurrence
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Event sampling
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Rules for assigning numeric values to qualities of objects to designate the quantity of the attribute
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Measurement
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______= True score +/- error
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Obtained scores
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Consistency with whcih an instrument measures the attribute
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Reliability
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A numeric index of a measure's reliability; range from .00 to 1.00; higher the value, the more reliable
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Relilability coefficient
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Degree to which an instrument measures what it is suppost to be measuring
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Validity
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Indicates how valid the instrument is; b/w .00 and 1.00; greater than .70 are desirable
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Validity coefficient
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What the insrument is actually measuresing
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Construct validity
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Ability of an instrument to correctly identify a "case"; to correctly screen in or diagnose a condition
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Sensitivity
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Instruments ability to correctly identify a "non case" or screen out those without the condition
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Specificity
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For qualitative data must have credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability
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Trusworthiness
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Confidence in teh truth of the data and interpretations of them
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Credibility
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Aim is to overcome the instrinsic bias that comes from single: method, observer and theory studies"
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Triangulation
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Refers to data stability over time and over conditions
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Dependability
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Refers to the objectibity or neutrality of the data; the potential for congruence b/w two or more independent people about the data's accuracy, relevance or meaning
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Confirmability
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