Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name some nutrient intakes that are lower in American diets?
|
↓ vitamins A and C, milk, fruits and vegetables (except fried potatoes)
|
|
_________identify conditions and specific health events
|
Epidemiological studies
|
|
__________test the effects of a treatment or intervention
|
Clinical trials
|
|
________is the best ingredient for decision-making about nutrition and your health
|
Evidence
|
|
A _________ procedure eliminates bias
|
double-blind
|
|
________can cause problems in research
People have expectations about a treatment Those expectations can influence what happens, and the results of the research |
Placebo effect
|
|
Most food preferences are what?
|
learned
|
|
Food items develop strong what?
|
symbolic, emotional, and cultural meanings
|
|
Food choices are not driven by?
|
need for nutrients or food selection genes
|
|
What promotes food choice changes?
|
Knowledge, attitudes, and values help promote change
|
|
What is the key in making dietary changes?
|
is to determine which ones are easiest
|
|
What is alcohol?
|
-a food, an energy source
-a drug; it modifies body functions |
|
How is alcohol produced?
|
-from carbohydrates in grains, fruits, and other foods by fermentation
|
|
What can moderate alcohol consumption protect you against?
|
-against heart disease
|
|
What is moderate alcohol consumption?
|
-one standard-sized drink per day for women
-two drinks for men (raises level of HDL) |
|
How many calories per gram does alcohol provide?
|
7
|
|
Heavy drinkers receive too little of what in their diet?
|
thiamin, vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron
|
|
Truth about alcohol & absorption:
|
Alcohol easily and rapidly absorbed in stomach and small intestine
|
|
Due to _____ between intake and utilization, blood levels of alcohol ______.
|
lag time___build up
|
|
Mild intoxication causes what in people
|
They lose control over muscle movement
|
|
Truth about alcohol in men vs. women:
|
Alcohol in women produces higher blood levels of alcohol than for men of the same body weight
|
|
Underage drinking counts for how much of consumed alcohol in U.S.?
|
20%
|
|
List some things alcohol does to body?
|
-speeds aging
-substituted instead of food -toxic to all cells -vitamin/mineral deficiencies (zinc, B-vitamins) -decreased absorption & utilization of vitamins |
|
What is a heavy drinking episode? (binge)
|
-drinking 5 or more drinks in a row for men
-drinking 4 or more drinks in a row for women |
|
_____ is a study that identifies a link between a health condition and behavior
|
observational study
|
|
______ is pooling of quantitative data from many studies to see what overall conclusions can be drawn
|
meta-analysis
|
|
________ is when subjects don’t know if they are in the experimental or placebo group until after the study’s over; in a double blind study, the researchers don’t know either
|
Blind (single or double) study
|
|
________ is a study that poses a research question and then follows subjects over time
|
Prospective study
|
|
________ is a group of subjects randomized into an experimental group and a control group.
|
Randomized control trial
|
|
________ is a study that uses recorded data or recall from the past
|
Retrospective study
|
|
_____ is the probability that something will occur
|
Risk
|
|
_______is the accuracy or truthfulness of the study’s conclusions
|
Validity
|
|
What is a dietary supplement?
|
-intended to supplement the diet not substitute for healthy foods
-has 1 or more dietary ingredients Vitamins Minerals Herbs/botanicals Amino acids -intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, or powder -is labeled on the front panel as supplement |
|
What is a new dietary supplement?
|
A dietary ingredient that was not sold in the US in a dietary supplement before October 15, 1994
|
|
How are dietary supplements regulated?
|
like a food instead of a drug
|
|
Health-related claims may be made about the effect of the supplement on the ____ of the body or _______
|
“structure or function” ... “general well-being”
|
|
What can be on dietary supplement label?
|
-FDA approved statements
-Claims about reducing the risk of nutrition deficiency diseases -label about not being evaluated by FDA (if claims made) |
|
For dietary supplements, the FDA does not require what?
|
Testing for: safety/effectiveness/interaction
-Approval before make & sell |
|
Manufacturer should ensure what about dietary supplements?
|
-safety of ingredients
-label information is accurate -said contents match container contents |
|
What stimulant/herb was banned in 2003?
|
ephedra
|
|
_____ is how quickly breaks down into smaller pieces
|
Disintegration
|
|
______ is how quickly dissolves in solution similar to digestive juices
|
Dissolution
|
|
_____ is the acceptable limit of impurities
|
Purity
|
|
____ is amount of active ingredient
|
Strength
|
|
___ is how long retains quality
|
Expiration
|
|
Pregnant and lactating women should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
some nutrients, of note iron & folate
|
|
Women with heavy menstrual bleeding should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
iron (vitamin C)
|
|
Women of childbearing age/premenopausal women should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
folate, iron, calcium
|
|
Smokers should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
B vitamins, vitamin C
|
|
Alcohol abusers should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
multivitamin-mineral supplement (Vitamin B1, folate, B6, C)
|
|
People on diets should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
multivitamin-mineral supplement
|
|
Vegetarians should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B2 and B12, vitamin D
|
|
Older adults (> 70 years of age)should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
|
calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B6 and B12, zinc
|
|
High does of vitamin-mineral supplements can result in
|
nutrient to nutrient imbalances/interactions
|
|
Taking high levels for a prolonged time can be toxic
like taking what? |
fat-soluble vitamins (A and D)
|
|
No current law prohibits supplement potency, except for?
|
potassium
|
|
High doses of some nutrients may do what?
|
Reduce absorption and utilization of other nutrients
|
|
_____ are crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of disease states or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health
|
herbs
|
|
Herbs in a medical field are considered?
|
-diluted drugs
-with toxins & active “useful” components |
|
Herbs:
|
-have active ingredients
-provide incomplete knowledge of risks & benefits |
|
Herbs’ risk to health depends on what?
|
-amount and duration of use
-age and health status of user |
|
What are some herbs that the FDA warns against?
|
Ephedra/Aristolochic acid/Chaparral/
Comfrey/ Lobelia/ Germander/ Magnolia-stephania/ Willow bark/ Wormwood/Yohimbe |
|
Diet relates to what 3 things?
|
-development of vitamin & mineral deficieny diseases
-compromised growth & impaired mental develop in kids -body's ability to fight off infectious disease |
|
*_____are modified to enhance contribution to health
|
Functional foods
|
|
Synonomous name for functional foods?
|
neutraceuticals
|
|
What are functional foods for?
|
-improve health
-to prevent disease (with high amounts of compounds) |
|
Functional foods don't have what?
|
-No statutory definition of “functional foods”
-No specific regulations that apply |
|
How are foods made functional?
|
-taking out harmful components
-increasing nutrients -using beneficial foods when making food |
|
______live, beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods
|
Probiotics
|
|
_____ is a non-digestible carbohydrates broken down by colon bacteria
|
Prebiotics
|
|
Cancer has many causes primarily linked to what?
|
environment and heredity (diet)
|
|
What kind of diet can reduce cancer risks?
|
based on plant foods that include lean meats, fish, and low-fat dairy products, regular physical activity, and normal levels of body fat
|
|
What happens in the progression phase of cancer?
|
-Body loses control over abnormal cells, numbers increase rapidly
-cells become so numerous they erode normal functions of the body in the sites of growth -Abnormal cells migrate to other tissues and cause DNA damage and abnormal cell development |
|
Diet accounts for how much of cancer risks?
|
40%
|
|
Environmental factors account for how much & name some?
|
80-90%...
-smoking -exposure to asbestos -chemical pollutants -radiation |
|
Cancer continues to decline as intake of what increases?
|
fruits and vegetables (5-9 servings)
|
|
What are some antioxidants in vegetables and fruits?
|
Vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium
|
|
Phytochemical in fruits & vegetables might prevent cancer by doing what?
|
-by protecting cells from damage due to oxidation
-by inhibiting the multiplication of abnormal cells |
|
3 serving of what cruciferous vegetable per week reduce the risk of what cancers?
|
broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and brussel sprouts...lung, bladder, and prostate cancer
|
|
_____ have vitamins, minerals, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals that work in cancer prevention
|
whole grains
|
|
Consumption of what is linked to cancer?
|
excessive alcoholic beverages
|
|
50% drop in deaths from heart disease related to what?
|
-declines in cholesterol levels
-reduced rates of smoking -improved blood pressure control -advances in medical care |
|
Why does risk of heart disease in women increase after menopause?
|
Menopause brings declines of estrogen and HDL and increases in LDL
|
|
Women or men: who has higher HDL and total blood cholesterol?
|
women
|
|
What is the most common form of cardiovascular disease?
|
Atherosclerosis or Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
|
|
What is CHD?
|
-slow, complex disease that begins in childhood and progresses with age
-begins with an injury to the endothelium (inner most layer of the artery) -accumulation of plaques along the inner walls of the coronary arteries -Plaques may grow large enough to significantly reduce the blood flow through an artery |
|
What are some risk factors for CHD?
|
Increasing age, male, heredity,smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, inactivity
obese,overweight, Diabetes Mellitus |
|
What is cholesterol?
|
a fat-like, waxy substance that is present in all animal cell membranes
|
|
What number defines clinically high blood pressure?
|
over 240 mg
|
|
Primary carrier for cholesterol in the blood?
|
LDL
|
|
HDL carriers what % of cholesterol in the blood?
|
25%-35% (HDL over 60 a negative risk factor)
|
|
To prevent Heart Disease, you should reduce saturated fat to what?
|
to less than 7% total calories
|
|
High blood pressure exceeds what?
|
140/90
|
|
Moderate sodium restriction to prevent Heart Disease is how much?
|
2400 milli a day
|
|
Truth about diabetes & risk for heart disease:
|
even controlling blood glucose still not enough if you have diabetes
|
|
Obesity (as relates to Heart Disease) increases risk for?
|
-high blood pressure
-high cholesterol or LDL levels -diabetes -stroke |
|
What doubles the risk for Heart Disease?
|
a sedentary lifestyle
|
|
Elevated triglycerides levels are associated with what?
|
-low HDL cholesterol levels
-diabetes, elevated blood glucose levels |
|
_____is an amino acid in the blood
|
Homocysteine
|
|
Dietary components with greatest effect as it relates to plasa homocysteine?
|
Folic acid
Vitamins B6 and B12 |
|
Food choices to help prevent Heart Disease?
|
-fruit and vegetable
-dietary fiber -fish consumption -soy protein -alcohol-wine (manage stress) |
|
What is obesity?
|
having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass, or Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher
|
|
Body weight is the result of what factors?
|
genes, metabolism, behavior, environment, culture, and socioeconomic status
|
|
Contributing factors to obesity as it relates to caloric utilization?
|
-Resting Metabolic Rate
-Physical Activity -Thermic Effect of Food |
|
What is BMI for being overweight?
|
25–29.9
|
|
Short-term goal:
|
-5 to 10 percent loss
-1 to 2 lb per week |
|
Interim goal:
|
Maintenance
|
|
Long-term goal:
|
Additional weight loss, if desired, and long-term weight maintenance
|
|
Ways to lose weight?-therapies
|
Dietary therapy, Physical activity,Behavior therapy, “Combined” therapy, Pharmacotherapy,Weight loss surgery
|
|
For GB must have BMI of with comobities?
|
35 or 40 at least
|