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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Top of the heart
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Base
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Bottom of the heart
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Apex
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Valvic areas of the heart, in order of assessment
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Aortic, pulmonic, Erb's Point, tricuspid, mitral
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S2 is heard loudest at the __ of the heart
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Base
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S1 is heard loudest at the __ of the heart
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Apex
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The heart sound __ corresponds with the carotid pulse.
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S1
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This is when you can hear the Aortic and Pulmonic valves closing separately.
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Split S2
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Ventricular gallop
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S3
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Atrial gallop
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S4
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Turbulent blood flow through the heart's chambers causes what kind of sound?
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Murmurs
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Nocturia
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Urgency to urinate at night
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From the __ you can assess the central venous pressure and judge the heart's efficiency as a pump.
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Jugular veins
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This is a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole, occuring often with ventricular hypertrophy.
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Heave or lift
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Pulsation created by the left ventricle rotating against the chest wall during systole.
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Apical impulse
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This is a palpable vibration that feels like the purring of a cat, signifying turbulent blood flow and accompanying loud murmurs
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Thrill
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S1 coincides with the __ wave of the ECG.
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R
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The most common extra heart sound, often associated with mitral valve prolapse, occuring during systole; high-pitched
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Midsystolic click
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Fixed split
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Split heart sound that is unaffected by respirations
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Paradoxical split
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Heart sounds that fuse on inspiration and split on expiration (opposite of what you would expect)
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Qualities of a murmur
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Pitch, pattern, quality, location, radiation, posture, timing, loudness
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Sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand
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Orthostatic Hypotension
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This is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart and is the leading cause of death in the United States for men and women.
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Coronary Artery Disease (aka Coronary Heart Disease)
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Risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease
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Elevated cholesterol, elevated BP, elevated blood sugar levels (above 130 mg/dL or known diabetes mellitus), obesity, smoking, low activity level, and length of hormonal therapy for postmenopausal women
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Three types of veins in the leg
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1. Deep veins (femoral, popliteal)
2. Superficial (great and small saphenous) 3. Perforators (connecting veins) |
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Organ of upper left abdominal quadrant that aids the lymphatic system by destroying old RBCs and filtering pathogens out of the blood stream.
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Spleen
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Claudication Distance
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Distance traveled before pain is elicited due to poor perfusion
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Lymph node that is palpated by "shaking hands."
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Epitrochlear
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Modified Allen Test
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Used to evaluate adequacy of collateral circulation in hands, occluding both radial and ulnar arteries, then releasing one, to detect patency of either artery
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Pulses of the lower extremities
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Femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
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Homan Sign
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Unreliable but traditional way of detecting deep vein thrombosis by dorsiflexing (with force) the foot (if pain is elicited, this is a positive Homan sign)
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Unilateral edema of the lower extremities occurs with __; bilateral edema occurs with __
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Occlusion of a deep vein (or poss. lymphatic obstruction); lymphatic obstruction
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A palpable wave transmission of the lower extremities occurs with __
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Varicose veins - incompetent valves
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Elevation pallor of lower extremities occurs with __
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Arterial insufficiency
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Dependent rubor (deep blue-red color) of lower extremities occurs with __
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Arterial insufficiency
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This is represented by abrupt progressive tricolor changes of the fingers due to cold, vibration, or stress.
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Raynaud's Phenomenon
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This is a high-protein swelling of a limb, most commonly due to breast cancer chemotherapy.
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Lymphedema
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Differences between arterial and venous ulcers of lower extremities
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Arterial - well-defined edges, roundish, no bleeding, on toes, metatarsal heads, heels, lateral ankles
Venous - bleeding, uneven edges; occur at medial malleolus |
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This is when a deep vein of the leg is occluded by a thrombus, causing inflammation, blocked venous return, cyanosis, and edema
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Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis (DVT)
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The __ viscera of the abdomen are those that maintain a characteristic shape, whereas the __ viscera have a shape that depends on the contents.
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Solid; hollow
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Location of the aorta in the abdomen
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Descends behind peritoneum, and at 2 cm below umbilicus it bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries
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Organs of upper right abdominal quadrant
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Liver, gallbladder, head of pancreas, right kidney, part of ascending and transverse colon
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Organs of the lower right abdominal quadrant
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Cecum, appendix, right ovary, right ureter
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Organs of the upper left abdominal quadrant
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Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney, part of transverse and descending colon
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Organs of the lower left abdominal quadrant
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Part of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary, left ureter
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Pregnancy causes the uterus to displace the intestines ___
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Upward and posteriorly
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Pregnancy results in __ bowel sounds.
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Diminished
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Pyrosis
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Heartburn
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Pica
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Ingestion of non-foods like grass, dirt, paint chips
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Scaphoid abdomen
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Contour of abdomen that caves in
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Normal appearance of umbilicus
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Midline and inverted; everted and pushed upward with pregnancy
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Striae
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Silvery white jagged marks, linear, about 1 - 6 cm long, on abdomen
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Normal pattern of pubic hair growth in males and females
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Males - Diamond; Females - Inverted Triangle
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Borborygmus
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Stomach growling
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Normal bowel sound findings
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High-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring irregularly, about 5 - 30 times per minute
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Abdominal surgery will result in __ bowel sounds.
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Hypoactive (reduced) or absent bowel sounds.
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The prevailing type of sound assessed in the abdomen
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Tympany
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Normal liver span in adults
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6 - 12 cm
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Hepatomegaly
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Enlarged liver
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Indirect fist percussion
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Used to assess the kidney (no pain should be felt)
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Fluid Wave Test
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Tests for Ascites (Free fluid in peritoneal area) in abdomen
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Light versus deep palpation of abdomen
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Light - 1 cm deep; deep - 5 - 8 cm deep
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Voluntary guarding of abdomen
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Voluntary rigidity of abdomen due to being cold, tense, or ticklish
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Involuntary guarding of abdomen
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Involuntary rigidity of abdomen due to inflammation of peritoneum - a protective mechanism
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True or false - the liver, right kidney, ascending colon and cecum, sigmoid colon, uterus and full bladder are normally palpable.
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True
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The __ kidney sits 1 cm higher than the __ due to __.
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Left, right, the presence of the liver on the right
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Rebound Tenderness
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Blumberg sign - assesses for appendicitis
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Inspiratory Arrest
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Murphy Sign - assesses for inflammation of gallbladder
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Illiopsoas Muscle Test
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Assesses for appendicitis
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With ascites, what sort of auscultated sounds should be expected?
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Normal over intestines, diminished over ascitic fluid
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Umbilical hernia
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Skin-covered mass (protrusion of omentum or intestine through umbilical ring)
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Incisional hernia
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Bulge near operational scar that may not show up when supine but apparent when person increases intra-abdominal pressure
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Diastasis Recti
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Separation of abdominal rectus muscles, occurring congenitally or due to pregnancy or marked obesity
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Immovable joints united by fibrous tissue or cartilage
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Nonsynovial
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Freely movable joints in a joint cavity
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Synovial
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__ connect bone to bone and __ connect bone to muscle
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Ligaments; tendons
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Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle (little toe up)
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Eversion
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Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle (big toe up)
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Inversion
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The most characteristic musculoskeletal change during pregnancy
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Lordosis
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Osteoporosis
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Loss of bone density, often associated with aging (affecting women in particular)
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Myalgia
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Muscle pain, cramping, or aching
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True or false - a complete musculoskeletal assessment is part of every general physical exam.
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False - a screening exam suffices for most people; a complete exam is for people with a history of musculoskeletal symptoms, any problems with ADLs, or persons with articular disease
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Dislocation
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Complete loss of contact between bones in a joint
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Subluxation
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Two bones in a joint stay in contact but their alignment is off
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Contracture
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Shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of joint
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Ankylosis
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Stiffness or fixation of a joint
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Phalen Test
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Asking patient to hold both hands back to back while flexing wrists 90 degrees - assesses for carpal tunnel syndrome (produces numbness and burning)
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Tinel Sign
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Direct percussion of location of median nerve at wrist - assesses for carpal tunnel syndrome (produces burning and tingling)
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Bulge Sign and Ballottement of the Patella
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Tests to assess for fluid in the joint of the knee
Bulge - stroking medial aspect of knee to displace fluid; tap lateral aspect and watch medial side for bulge Ballotement of Patella - Using hand to compress suprapatellar pouch to move any fluid into knee joint; with other hand push patella against femur |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of the joints and surrounding connective tissue; symmetrical and bilateral, causing heat, redness, swelling, and painful motion of affected joints
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Osteoarthritis
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Non-inflammatory localized progressive disorder involving deterioration of articular cartilages and subchondral bone and formation of new bone at joint surface; aging increases incidence; affected joints are stiff, swollen with hard bony protuberances, pain with motion
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Epicondylitis
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"Tennis elbow" - chronic disabling pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus, radiating down forearm; occurs with activities that require excessive supination/pronation of forearm (like tennis)
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Polydactyly
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Having extra digits on hand
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Syndactyly
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Webbed fingers
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Bursitis
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The inflammation of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial fluid in the body. The bursae rest at the points where internal functionaries, such as muscles and tendons, slide across bone. Healthy bursae create a smooth, almost frictionless functional gliding surface making normal movement painless. When bursitis occurs, however, movement relying upon the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful. If on the elbow, causes a "goose egg" type of appearance (olecranon bursitis).
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Spina Bifida
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Incomplete closure of posterior part of vertebrae resulting in a neural tube defect (congenital)
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Fibromyalgia
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Chronic disorder of unknown cause characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain lasting 3 months or so, accompanied with fatigue, insomnia, and psychosocial distress. Most patients are women.
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Cremaster Muscle
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Controls size of male scrotum by responding to ambient temperature
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First sign of puberty for boys
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Enlargement of testes (roughly between 9 1/2 to 13 1/2 years of age)
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When does sperm and testosterone production begin to gradually decline in males?
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Sperm - after age 40
Testosterone - 55-60 years of age |
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True or false - circumcision reduces HIV acquisition in men by 53 - 60%.
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True
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Dysuria
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Burning sensation with urination
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Polyuria
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Excessive urination
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Oliguria
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Diminished urination
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Hematuria
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Blood in urine
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Urge incontinence
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Involuntary urine loss from overactive detrusor muscle in bladder; it contracts, causing urgent need to void
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Stress incontinence
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Involuntary urine loss with physical strain, sneezing, or coughing due to weakness of pelvic floor
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Nocturnal Enuresis
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"Bed-wetting" - involuntary passing urine at night after 5 - 6 years of age
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Phimosis
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Narrow opening of prepuce of foreskin (penis), so foreskin cannot be retracted
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True or false - the scrotum is normally asymmetrical, with the left scrotal half lower than the right.
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True
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Normal palpable findings of scrotum
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Testes should feel oval, firm, and rubbery, smooth and equal bilaterally, freely movable and slightly tender to pressure; epididymus feels discrete and softer than testis, smooth and nontender.
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True or false - sebaceous cysts found on the testes are pathologic and warrant immediate concern.
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False - small yellowish 1-cm nodules, firm and non-tender, are normal and non pathologic
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At what age should males begin performing testicular self exams?
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13 to 14
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What teaching should the nurse offer the male client about testicular self exams?
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T = Timing, once a month
S = Shower, warm water relaxes scrotum E = Examine, check for changes, report changes immediately |
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Location of epididymis
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On top and behind testicle, feeling a bit softer
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Normal urine presentation
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Clear, slightly acidic, ph of 4.5 to 8.0; with little or no protein, glucose, and fewer than 5 RBCs and WBCs per high powered field (urinalysis)
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Normal range of creatinine and BUN
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Creatinine (0.7 - 1.5 mg/dL)
BUN (10 - 20 mg/dL) |
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Dyschezia
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Pain due to local rectal condition, such as hemorrhoids, fissures, or constipation
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Melena
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Black stool
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Proper positioning of adults for rectal exam
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Males = Left lateral decubitus or standing
Females = Lithotomy if examining genitalia as well; left lateral decubitus if rectal only |
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True or false - palpate the rectum by entering at a right angle with index finger extended.
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False - this method is very painful and does not promote sphincter relaxation. Rather, place pad of index finger against anal verge; wait for sphincter to relax, and then flex finger and slowly insert into anal canal in direction towards umbilicus
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Normal findings for prostate gland
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Size - 2.5 cm long by 4 cm wide; should not protrude more than 1 cm into rectum
Shape - heart shaped Surface - smooth Consistency - elastic, rubbery Mobility - slightly movable Sensitivity - non-tender to palpation |
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A hematest positive finding means __
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Blood in the stool
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These are painful flabby papules due to a varicose vein of the hemorrhoidal plexus.
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Hemorrhoids
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A painful longitudinal tear in the superficial mucosa and margin of the rectum, mostly in the posterior midline, often resulting from trauma (passing a large stool, for instance), or from irritating diarrheal stools; with itching, bleeding, pain.
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Rectal fissures
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A protruding growth from the rectal mucous membrane that is fairly common, may be pedunculated (on a stalk) or sessile (mound on a surface); the soft nodule is difficult to palpate; proctoscopy and biopsy are needed to determine malignancy
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Rectal polyp
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. The carpal tunnel - a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand - houses the median nerve and tendons. Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, weakness, or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm.
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Pear-shaped, thick-walled, muscular organ that is freely movable, not fixed, and sits forward and superior to the bladder of the female adult client
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Uterus
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The cessation of menstruation
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Menopause
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Proper position of the female adult client for genitourinary exam.
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Lithotomy
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How should examine lubricate gloves for female genitourinary exam?
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Warm water
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In what direction should the speculum be inserted for a women's genitourinary exam?
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45-degree angle downward toward small of back (natural slope of vaginal canal)
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What is the normal appearance of the cervical mucosa?
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PInk and even (during 2nd month of pregnancy, blue; after menopause, pale); midline, projecting 1 - 3 cm into vagina; 2.5 cm in diameter; smooth but cervical eversion may occur after vaginal delivery; os is round and small (horizontal and irregular in parous women)
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What is the normal appearance of the os?
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Small and round in nulliparous women; in parous women, it is horizontal and irregular with some healed lacerations
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Pap test (including pre-test protocol)
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Screens for cervical cancer (not for endometrial or ovarian); client should not douche, have intercourse, or put anything in vagina within 24 hours of test
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Obstetric position of examiner's hand
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FIrst two fingers extended, last two flexed into palm, thumb abducted
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Bimanul palpation of the female genitourinary system
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One hand on abdomen of client; dominant hand with two fingers inserted into vagina; abdominal hand used to push down pelvic organs for intravaginal hand to palpate
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Soft, velvety consistency of cervix at 5 - 6 weeks of pregnancy
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Goodell sign
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What are the different positions or versions of the uterus?
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Anteverted (most common), midposition, and retroverted. Also, flexed versions of antreverted and retroverted.
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True or false - the adnexa of the female genitourinary system is usually palpable.
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False - it is often not palpable, and often you cannot feel the ovary
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A woman should have her first cervical cancer screening at ___. She can decide to stop cervical cancer screening after age __, but prior to this age they should have a screening every __ years.
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3 years after first vaginal intercourse or after age 21, continuing annually until age 30; 70; 2-3 years
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What pulse should be taken with infants (under 2)?
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Auscultate or palpate apical pulse; do not take carotid pulse
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True or false - take vital signs in same order with infants as with adults.
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False - with adults, take temp, pulse, respirations, bp; with infants, take respirations, pulse, temp, bp
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Heterochromia of the eye
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Different colored eyes
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Guaiac test
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Fecal occult test that requires 3 separate stool samples to yield a sensitivity of 92% to detect hidden (occult) blood in the stool
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Pediculosis pubis
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Crab lice; itching, dark spots are lice, nits or eggs near roots of pubic hair.
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Chlamydia
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Most common STI in women, esp. among sexually active girls; NAAT test to screen; may have yellow or green mucopurulent discharge; if untreated or mistreated, can progress into pelvic inflammatory disease and result in infertility
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True or false - most testicular cancer occurs between the ages of 18 - 35 and affects Caucasian males in particular.
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True
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Swan-neck and Boutonniere Deformity
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Swan-neck caused by Chronic Rheumatoid Arthritis; flexion contracture of fingers resembling curve of swan neck
Boutonniere deformity - finger knuckle looks like pushed through button hole |
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Protrusion of abdominal viscera through abdominal opening in muscle wall
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Hernia
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Tanner Maturity Staging - Males
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Stage one: no pubic hair, fine body hair on body, preadolescent penis size and proportion
Stage two: few straight pubic hairs, little/no enlargement of penis, testes& scrotum begin to enlarge. Scrotal skin reddens and changes in texture Stage three: sparse pubic hair growth, penis begins to enlarge, esp. in length, scrotum further enlarged Stage four: thick growth of pubic hair, penis grows in length & width, development of glans, testes almost fully grown Stage five: pubic hair growth extends to thighs, after puberty hair grows until mid 20s, penis and scrotum are adult size & shape |
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Tanner Maturity Staging - Females
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Stage one: no pubic hair, mons & labia covered with fine vellus hair on abdomen
Stage two: growth sparse mostly on labia, long downy hair, slightly pigmented, straight/curly Stage three: growth sparse and spreading to pubic mons, hair is darker, coarser, curlier Stage four: hair is adult in type but over smaller area; none on medial thigh Stage five: adult in type & pattern, inverse triangle. Also on medial thigh surface |
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How should retraction of the breasts be assessed?
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a. Lift arms slowly overhead. Both breasts should move up symmetrically
b. Push hands into hips to contract pectoralis major. And hold palms together and push. Slight lifting of both breasts will occur c. Lean forward to note symmetric free forward movement of both breasts. |
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McMurray's Test
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If PT has reported a history of trauma followed by locking, giving way, or local pain in the knee, do this test. PT supine you stand on affected side. Hold the heel, and flex the knee and hip. Place other hand on the knee with fingers on the medial side. Rotate the leg in and out to loosen the joint. Externally rotate the leg and push inward stress on the knee then slowly extend the knee. Normally the leg extends smoothly with no pain. If you hear or feel a click, McMurray test is positive for a torn meniscus.
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Cholecystitis
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Gallbladder Inflammation
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Virchow's Triad
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Virchow’s triad includes three broad categories of factors that are considered to contribute to thrombosis, as in DVTs. The Virchow’s triad consists of:
1. Alterations in normal blood flow 2. Injuries to the vascular endothelium 3. Alterations in the consistancy of blood (hypercoagulability) |
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Ulnar Deviation or Drift
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When fingers drift to the ulnar side due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis
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Olfactory Nerve (# and use)
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CN 1 - Smell
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Optic Nerve (# and use)
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CN 2 - Visual acuity and visual fields
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Oculomotor Nerve (# and use)
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CN 3 - Extraocular Movements (diagonals and straight up)
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Trochlear Nerve (# and use)
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CN 4 - Extraocular Movements (straight down and together)
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Abducens Nerve (# and use)
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CN 6 - Extraocular Movements (laterals)
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Trigeminal Nerve (# and use)
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CN 5 - Mastication and light touch of face
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Facial Nerve (# and use)
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CN 7 - Facial mobility and symmetry (e.g., smiling)
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Acoustic Nerve (# and use)
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CN 8 - Hearing
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Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves (# and use)
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CN 9 & 10 - Say "ah" - gag reflex
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Spinal Accessory Nerve (# and use)
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CN 11 - Movement of sternomastoid and trapezius
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Hypoglossal Nerve (# and use)
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CN 12 - Movement of the tongue forward and side to side, light, tight, dynamite
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When examing the male genitourinary system and palpating the femoral area, the examiner should be looking for __
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A bulge in the femoral area (there should not be one - otherwise, herniated masses might be suggested)
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Rugae
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In males, the folds of skin that make up the strotal wall; in females, the transverse folds of the vagina
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The main storage site of sperm in males; a marked coil duct system
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Epididymis
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How does aging affect the genitourinary system of males?
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Decreased sperm and testosterone (but retained fertility); decrease in amount and change in color of pubic hair, decreased size of genitalia, with pendulous scrotum; rapid detumescence (quick return to flaccid state of penis after ejaculation); longer refractory state
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How does aging affect the genitourinary system of females?
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Cessation of menses (menopause) around 48 - 51 years (with wide variation); ovaries stop producing progesterone and estrogen; reduction in size of uterus, vagina becomes shorter, narrower, and less elastic; decreased size of genitalia with sparser hair, etc.
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Gravida
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# of pregnancies
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Para
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Number of births
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Menorrhagia
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Heavy menses
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Amenorrhea
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Absent menses
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Average duration of menses of adult female
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Average 3 to 7 days
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LMP
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Last menstrual period
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An STI includes all conditions that __
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Can be transmitted during intimate sexual contact with an infected partner (gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, chlymadia, venereal warts, syphilis, etc)
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Human Papillomavirus Genital Warts (HPV) - presentation and risk factors
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In women, painless warty growths, pink or flesh-colored, single or multiple in a cauliflower-like patch; HPV infection is common among sexually active women, esp. adolescents; risk factors include early age at menarche and multiple sexual partners
In men, soft pointed moist fleshy painless papules that may be single, multiple in a cauliflowerlike match; occur on shaft of penis, behind corona, or around anus, where they may grow in large, grapelike clusters; related to early onset of sexual activity, infrequent use of contraception, and multiple sexual partners |
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Urethritis
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Infection of urethra - very painful, esp. upon urination; urine is clouded with discharge and mucous threads; cause determined by labs; 50% caused by chlamydia
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Pale yellow urine might suggest...
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UTI or kidney stones
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When will an arterial bruit be auscultated in the abdomen (what conditions)?
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Aortic aneurysm, renal artery stenosis, partial occlusion of femoral arteries
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The various causes of abdominal distension
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Obesity, air or gas, ascites, ovarian cyst (large), pregnancy (normal), feces, tumor
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This illness will start as a dull diffuse pain in periumbilical region that later shifts to severe, sharp persistent pain and tenderness localized in the right lower quadrant (McBurney point); aggravated by movement, coughing, deep breathing
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Appendicitis
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Joint Effusion
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Swelling of joint due to excess fluid in the joint capsule, not necessarily visible except when there is considerable fluid
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This abnormality results in the characteristic "hunched" position and limited abduction of the arm, resulting from traumatic adduction while arm is in abduction, or fall on shoulder
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Rotator cuff tear
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Adhesive Capsulitis
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Frozen shoulder
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Bloody Shower
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Dislodgment of the mucus plug in the cervical canal when labor begins
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Abdominal ascited occurs with __
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Heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and cancer
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How can a nurse detect if a liver is enlarged via palpation?
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Except for depressed diaphragm, a liver palpated more than 1 to 2 cm below right costal margin is enlarged
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A scaphoid abdomen is associated with __
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Dehydration or malnutrition
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Epiphyses
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Growth plates - closes around 20 years of age
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Both men and women can expect a progressive decrease in height beginning at age __ in males and age __ in females
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40; 43
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Genu Valgum
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"Knock-knees" - knees are together; occurs normally between 2 and 3 1/2 years of age; treatment not indicated (though may also occur with rickets, syphilis, etc)
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Genu Varum
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"Bow-legs" - knees are excessively apart; treatment not indicated except when caused by rickets
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Forward bend test
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Tests for scoliosis - spine should be straight while standing and when bending forward
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Functional assessment for ADLs (aging adults)
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1. Walk (note shuffling pattern, etc)
2. Climbing stairs (note if holding rail, etc) 3. Walking down stairs (note if holding rail, esp. with both hands, etc). 4. Picking up object from floor (note if bending at waist, not knees) 5. Rising from chair (note if arms are used to push up, etc) 6. Rising from lying on bed (note if rolling to one side, etc) |
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This type of arthritis involves inflammation of synovial membrane, leading to thickening and extreme pain)
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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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This type of arthritis involves deterioration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone and formation of new bone
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Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
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"Often boys your age experience..." is what type of statement. Why is it used when asking about the male genitourinary system with boys?
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Permission statement - used to make the patient feel that the experience is normal and all right to think or feel a certain way
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What is the ubiquity approach in interviewing? Why is it used when discussing the genitourinary system?
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"When did you...?" rather than "Do you...?"
Used because it is less threatening and implies that the topic is normal and unexceptional |
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Atrophic Vaginitis
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An opportunistic infection related to chronic estrogen deficiency
Symptoms include postmenopausal vagina itching, dryness, burning, mucoid discharge Signs may include pale mucosa with abraded areas that may bleed easily |
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True or false - An older adult’s (eighth to ninth decades) lactiferous ducts are more palpable and feel firm and stringy because of fibrosis and calcification.
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True
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___ occurs in liver cirrhosis because the liver is unable to metabolize estrogens.
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Gynecomastia
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A risk factor for ___ is early menarche (less than 12 years) or late menopause (after 55 years
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Breast Cancer
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The central axillary nodes of the chest receive lymph from the other three groups of nodes --
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Anterior [pectoral], posterior [subscapular], and lateral.
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Decreased estrogen levels during menopause cause __ of the ovaries.
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Atrophy
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The adnexa of uterus (or uterine appendages) refers to the structures most closely related structurally and functionally to the uterus; these structures include the ___
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The ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ligaments.
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The ___ is the deep recess between the rectum and the cervix.
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The rectouterine pouch (or cul-de-sac of Douglas)
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Testicular torsion
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A sudden twisting of the spermatic cord; blood supply is cut off and the testis can become gangrenous in a few hours. Emergency surgery is required.
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Spermatocele
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A spermatocele is a retention cyst in the epididymis filled with milky fluid containing sperm.
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The ejaculatory duct is the passage formed by the junction of the duct of the __ and the __ through which semen enters the urethra
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The seminal vesicles and the vas deferens
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Orchitis
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An acute inflammation of the testes.
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Each skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers, or ___
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Fasciculi.
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___ supplements will cause stools to be nontarry and black.
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Iron medication supplements
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An ___ is caused by a chronically inflamed gastrointestinal tract.
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An anorectal fistula
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In __, the prostate gland is enlarged, nontender, firm and smooth with a palpable central groove.
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In benign prostatic hypertrophy
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Abdominal breathing in children continues until the age of __
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7 years
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The four layers of large, flat muscles of the abdomen form the __
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Ventral abdominal wall.
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