Nur 158 Unit Iii - Nutritional Needs Of Infants And Children.

Front 1

Infant (Birth to 6 months)

Back 1

Suck Instinct
Extrusion Reflex
Immature GI Tract (food allergies)
Large Body Surface Area (Fluid requirements)
High Metabolic Rate
Prenatal Iron Storage.

Front 2

Infant (6 to12 months)

Back 2

More mature GI.
Tooth Eruption.
Dimished Extrusion Reflex.
Swallowing Coordinated.
Improved Eye-Hand Coordination.
Pincer Grasp.
Birth Weight doubles by 6 months.
Birth weight triples by one year.
Continue breast milk or formula for one year.

Front 3

Introduction of Solid Foods

Back 3

When infant is developmentally ready at 4 to 6 months of age.

Front 4

Sequence of Solid Foods.

Back 4

Rice Cereal (high in iron; whole grain.
Fruits and Vegetables.
Meats.
Citrus Fruits.

Front 5

Toddlers feeding Guidelines
Groth slows (gains 4 to 6 lbs 2nd year)

Back 5

Autonomy
Ritualism
Food Jags
Eating habits established in 1s 2-3 years have lasting effects.

Front 6

Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 1 to 3 years

Back 6

500mg

Front 7

Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 4 to 8 years

Back 7

800mg

Front 8

Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 9 to 18 years

Back 8

1300mg

Front 9

Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 19 to 50 years

Back 9

1000mg

Front 10

Daily Calcium Requirements
Age 51 plus

Back 10

1200mg

Front 11

Malnutrition

Back 11

Undernutrition
Overnutrition

Front 12

Groups at Risk of Malnutrition

Back 12

Lower socioeconomic groups
Children with malabsorptive disorders
Children born to vitamin deficient mothers
Children exposed to minimal sunlight.
Those who adhere to strict vegetarian diet.
Children whose parents lack education.
Premature infants.
Children with increase energy needs.
Children with decreased energy needs.
Depenedent feeders.
Those with food allergies.
Those who take medications that interfere with digestion/absorption.

Front 13

Macrobiotic diet

Back 13

Most severe Main food: brown rice and cereals.

Front 14

Kwashiorkor

Back 14

Protein deficiency with adequate calories.
Symptoms: Wasted extremities
Abdominal distention
dry, scaly skin
depigmentation (reddish tint)
alopecia
blindness
diarrhea
irritability
apathy
edema

Front 15

Marasmus

Back 15

Portein and caloire deficiency
Symptoms: gradual wasting
atropy of tissues
wrinkled,flabby skin
lethargy
prostration dissease/infection

Front 16

Treatment for Kwashiorkor and Maramus

Back 16

Protein
Vitamins/minerals
Calories
Electrolytes
Hygiene care (handle gently)
Rest
Developmental stimulation

Front 17

Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets

Back 17

Vitamin D needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption.
Symptoms: Bow legs, knock knees, thick wrists & ankles, poorly calcified teeth that may be late to come in , softening of cranial bones, enlargement of frontal area delayed closure of fontanels, scoliosis, kyphosis, kordosis, tetany and seizures.

Front 18

Vitaminn C Deficiency
Scurvy

Back 18

Vitamin C needed for protein synthesis and collagen formation.
Symptoms: bleeding in joints and gums, bruisiing, anorexia, decreased healing, infection and anemia.
Nursing Care: Provision of foods high in vitamin C (fresh frutis and vegetables) education on cooking food to preserve vitamins oral hygiene and gentle handling.

Front 19

Inborn Error of Metabolism

Back 19

Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Galactosemia

Front 20

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Back 20

Genetic disease (autosomal recessive)
Absence of enzyme necessary for metabolism of essential amino acitd phenylalanine.
Increase phenylalanine in blood and urine. Primarily affects blue eyed white children. Can cause mental retardation.

Front 21

Guthrie Test

Back 21

Newborn Screening for PKU

Front 22

PKU Treatment

Back 22

Strict dietary management for 6 to 8 years to keep phenylalanine at safe levels (can't eliminate because it is necessar for growth)
Formula: Lofenalac.

Front 23

Galactosemia

Back 23

Disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism.
Rare genetic disorder.
Automosomal recessive. Absence of liver enzyme that converts galactose to glucose, causing galactose accumulation.

Front 24

Result of galactose accumulation

Back 24

Hepatic dysfunction, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, cataracts, cerebral damage and death.

Front 25

Treatment of Galactosemia

Back 25

Elimination of all milk and dairy products (including breastmilk)Use of soy formula and strict adherence to galactose free diet for first 7 to 8 years of life.

Front 26

Preschooler: If child refuses to eat, consider

Back 26

Eating between meals
Emotional distrubances
fatigue
imitation of adults with poor food habits
Illness or dental caries
Attention seeking or sibliing rivalry.

Front 27

School Age Child Nutrional Facts

Back 27

Slower period
Resources store for increased needs during adolescence.
Acquire taste for greater variety of food.
Usually eat better with fewer food fads
Can be helpful at mealtime.

Front 28

Growth spurt for girls

Back 28

10 to 12 years

Front 29

Growth spurt for boys

Back 29

12 to 14 years

Front 30

Preschool nutrion tips

Back 30

Increase food intake by:
Serve food in quiet environment.
Provide rest period before meal
Use colorful dishes
Provide comfortable seat at table.
Offer small frequent feedings.
Serve plain food.
Introduce new food gradually.