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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is N Acetyl Cystine helpful in respiratory infections?
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The sulflhydryl groups bind and break peptides in mucous glycoproteins (they are mucolytic)
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What are 2 nutrients that assist in cell membrane integrity especially in the lungs?
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Vitamin E - stability of membranes
800 -1 000 IU Vitamin A - structural & functional integrity 10 000 - 50 000 |
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What are some anti-catarrhal foods?
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Bromelain - ↓ mucous quantity in bronchitis/pneumonia and staphyloccocus aureus infections
Chicken soup Fenugreek seeds - soften & dissolve mucous Mustard seeds & onion - stimulate mucous elimination Garlic - dissolves excess mucous |
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Name 3 cell types susceptible to zinc deficiency
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Mast cells (Zn found in granules)
Fibroblasts (Zn produces collagen, extracellular matrix proteins and mediation of repair and remodelling of airways) T-Cells (IL & cytokines) Balance between CD4+ (helper) & CD8+ (suppressor) T cells |
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Why is Zn deficiency a problem in airway inflammation?
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Zn is a co factor in delta 5/6 desaturase (fatty acid pathway)
Zinc supplementation results in less damage from hypoxia |
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What are alveolar type 2 cells required for?
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Maintaining"dry" alveoli during water/ion transport
↓ surface tension during exhalation through surfactant secretion Maintaining AOx homeostasis at the tissue/air interface through GSH transport |
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How may lipid perioxidation/oxidative stress be related to the lung?
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It may cause pulmonary narrowing
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Super oxide radicals (O2−.)l are acted upon by which enzyme?
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Superoxide Dismutase
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Which free radical is mainly acted upon by GSH in the lung?
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Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
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Name three antioxidant defenses of the lung and their cofactors
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Glutathione related enzymes - GSH perioxidase, GSH reductase (Se)
Superoxide Dismutase (Zn/Cu & Mg) Catalase (Ferric -Fe3 or Ferrous -Fe2) |
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What are recommended dosages for the Aox's Selenium, Zinc and vitamin C
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Selenium 200-600mcg
Vitamin C 250-10 000 mg Zinc 10-150mg |
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How is Quercetin helpful in respiratory illneses?
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It is anti-viral, anti-allergenic, anti-odeamic and an inhibitor of NFkB
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How does Vitamin C act upon the immune system
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It regulates immune function by ↑ macrophage activity, lymphocyte production and antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM)
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How is Reishi Mushroom used in respiratory illness?
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As an anti-viral and Anti-bacterial agent
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How would you inhibit PG TXA and Leukotrine synthesis with foods?
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Garlic, Ginger and Tumeric inhibit synthesis of these cytokines
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What are the active compounds in Ginger, Garlic and Turmeric?
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Ginger - gingerol & diarylhepatonoids
Garlic - Allicin Turmeric - Cucrumin |
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Name 3 preventative measures against respiratory illness
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Eliminate Junk Foods!
↑ fresh food intake (juices?) Avoid "damp" foods - mucous forming |
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Name 3 more preventative measures against respiratory illness
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Drink 2 L of filtered water/day
Asses protein intake Identify food allergies/sensitivities |
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How does PAF affect asthma?
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PAF (platelet activating factor) induces bronchial muscle contraction & smooth muscle hypertrophy generated by mucousal swelling/inflam
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How do bradykinnins affect asthmatics?
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↑ mucous production
Induce swelling (muscle contraction) and inflammation |
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How does inflammation effect airway epithelium?
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Constant damage and repair leads to remodeling & overproduction of mucin, GF & pro-inflam cytokines (TNFἀ)
Inflam→cell damage→immune activation |
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What is cAMPs role in asthma?
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cAMP inhibits platelet aggregation & constriction of smooth muscle - involved during inflam process PGE1 (which stimulates adenylate cyclase)
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How do cAMP and adenylate cyclase interact?
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Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP from ATP
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Name 5 nutrients that support cAMP
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Vitamin C (& bioflavonoids)
Quercetin OPCs (pine bark or grapeseeds) Catechins (green tea) Zizyphus (chinese plum) raise cAMP |
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How does a metabolic defect in tryptophan breakdown result in asthma (in some patients)?
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Try→5HTP→bronchoconstriction
↑ 5-HIAI→ ↑ asthma symptoms 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is a breakdown product of serotonin |
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Which nutrients may benefit patients with a defect of tryptophan metabolism?
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B6 and restriction of dietary tryptophan
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How would a patient best avoid asthmatic allergens?
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Avoiding environmental allergens such as pollen, dustmites, pet fur, tobacco, pesticides
removing rugs, curtains, carpets, upholstered furniture Using hypoallergenic bedding Installing an air purifier Considering an elimination diet |
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What nutritional management strategies would benefit asthmatics?
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Gastric/pancreatic enzymes
Liver support - cruciferous vegetables ↑ ᾨ3 fish ↓ Saturated fats & hi GI foods ↑ alkaline forming foods - vegetables A wholefood diet - eliminate refined CHOs, processed foods |
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How does B12 assist asthmatics?
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1 000mg BD ↓ SOB, improves appetite, sleep & general health in sulfite sensitive asthmatics
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name 3 nutrients (and dosages specific for nutritional management of asthma
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Beta carotene 15-30mg (integrity of epithelial tract)
Mg 100-1 00mg (cAMP cofactor) B6 100-200mg (theophylinne ↓ levels, Try metabolism) |
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List 5 treatment aims for respiratory illness
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Eradicate bacterial infections
Reduce mucous production Reduce inflammation and oxidative stress Repair and restore mucous membranes Support immune system - fibroblasts, mast cells, T cells CD4+ CD8+ |
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What can factors compromis cardiac function?
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Increased oxygen demand
Decreased O2 supply Structural problems Myocardial infections Genetic/congenital influences |
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What doe C-reactive protein have to do with cardiac problems?
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An increase in CRP occurs within 6 hours of tissue damage for 48hours+
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How does inflammation effect myocardial function?
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Increased fibrogenesis is the main influence on erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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How does homocysteine impact on the cardiac system?
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Increases the risk of abnormal blood clotting (Atherosclerosis ) and facillitate the deposition of cholesterol around the heart (Ischaemic Heart diseases e.g. angina)
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How would excessive homocysteine be treated nutritionally?
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B6 – PLP – 20-60mg/d
B12 – 500 – 1500ug/d Folate – 400 – 1200ug/d |
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Name 6 nutrients and their dosages that would be helpful treating hypertension
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B6 5-150mg reg homocysteine
B5 20-200mg needed4 AcetylCoA Carnatine 400- 2000mg assist TG transport thru mitachondria Ca 1000-2000mg ↓ intake CoQ10 100-500mg ↓ inpatients Arginine 400-600mg ⇈ NO |
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What is the diagnostic summary for hypertension?
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Optimal: <120/80
Normal: 130-85mm/Hg Borderline: 130-139/85-89 Hypertension Stage 1(Mild): 140-159/90-99 Hypertension Stage 2(Moderate): 160-179/100-109 Hypertension Stage 3 (Severe): >180/`110 |
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List 5 treatment Aims for Hypertension
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Reduce stress and advise relaxation techniques
Promote arterial elasticity and integrity to decrease hypertension Reduce homocystine levels to reduce risk of CVD Improve venous hemodynamics Reduce oxidative stress |
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What are some lifestyle/dietary interventions appropriate for hypertension?
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Avoid OH, caffeine
Increase flavonoid consumption (sulfur/selenium) Reduce NaCl if necessary |
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how does c-reactive protein affect cardiac function ?
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CRP increases within 6 hrs after tissue damage indicating ingery or inflam 48 hrs after occourance
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name 7 Controllable risk factors in CVD health
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Diabetes
Hypertension Stress Decreased saturated fat, refined CHO’s Increased dietary fibre intake Increased physcial activity Reduce waight to decease TG's |
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What is the main influence on ESR
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Fibrinogen
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How do fish oils effect cardicat function
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studies have shown fish oils to have a hypotriglyceridemic effect
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Which nutrient has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol by 5-15 per cent
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psyllium at doses of 7g. The ↑ the cholesterol ↑ the effect
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List five nutrients and their doses that can assist cardiac function
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Taurine - 500mg (Myocardial Contractitity)
Folate - 400-1200ug (hyperhomocysteinemia) CoQ10 - 150-300mg (Deficient) Carnitine - 400-2000mg (TG transport & deficient) Mg - 400-1200mg (Vasodiliatory , ↓ P aggregation, ↑ HR) |
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How does Homocysteine effect cardiac function
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↑ risk of thrombosis ( Atherosclerosis )
Homocysteine ↑ fat deposition around Heart |
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List the three nutrients that will assist Homocysteine
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B6 – PLP – 20-60mg/d
B12 – 500 – 1500ug/d Folate – 400 – 1200ug/d |
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List five treatment aims that reduce hypertension ?
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Reduce stress and advise relaxation techniques
Promote arterial elasticity and integrity to decrease hypertension Reduce homocystine levels to reduce risk of CVD Improve venous hemodynamics Reduce oxidative stress |
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How does arginine help cardiac function ?
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arginine synthesizes NO which acts as a vasodilator
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What are some nutritional management strategies for hypertension ?
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Increase vegetable and dietary fibre intake
Decrease refined CHO's and sugars - High GI Increase celery in diet - diuretic effect Decrease sodium chloride in diet if necessary Decrease caffeine intake Decrease alcohol consumption Increase ascorbate intake especially fruits (citrus) & vegetables (broccoli) |
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What is the recommended dosage of calcuim ?
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1000 - 2000 mg
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Name three nutritional considerations for Hypotention ?
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Increased K conpared Na
Adrenal exhaustion Orthostatic BP |
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How does standing for long period effect hypotension ?
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Can drop BP (squat occasionally to increase blood to the heart and decreasing blood to legs)
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How does B5 deficiency effect Hypotension ?
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Hypotension can be casued by B5 deficiency
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What is the recommended dosage of tyrosine (precusor to A) ?
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1 - 4mg
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What is Angina Pectoris ?
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Inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle (and occasionally other nutrients).
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What are some short term aims for angina ?
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Reduce levels of C-reactive protein/inflammation
Reduce oxidative stress |
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What are some long term aims for angina ?
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Prevent further damage caused by the surgery
Support anti-oxidant status Support connective tissue regeneration Prevent further injury to blood vessels after repurfusion Restores integrity of coronary vascular endothelium |
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How does Magnesium Aspartate citrate form assist in angina ?
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Vasodilatory effect
Relaxes smooth muscle Improves heart energetics Decreases platelet aggregation Improves heart rate |
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What is Hyperlipidemia ?
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Elevated circulating lipids (cholesterol) causing damage to BV endothelium
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List six nutritional stratergies to reduce Hyperlipidemia ?
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Modify diet
Weight reduction in the obese Reduction in excessive alcohol consumption Cessation of smoking Exercise Reducing stress |
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What is Atherosclerosis ?
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An arterial disorder of cholesterol plaques, fats and debris in the inner layers of medium and large sized arteries.
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How does Lecithin assist in Atherosclerosis ?
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It mobilizes fat from tissues
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What two sources are Lipids derived from ?
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Metabolic synthesis
Dietary intake |
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Name three treatment aims for Atherosclerosis ?
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Reduce oxidative damage by preventing peroxidation of venous lipids and production of oxygen free radicals
Promote liver choleresis in order to manage cholesterol Improve vessel tone and integrity by reducing lyosymal enzyme activity |
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oEpidemiological evidence indicates that Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is:
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directly related to increases in total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels.
increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels reduces risk |
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Which hear rea;ted disease dmeands treatment of dizziness, mental disorientaion and leg cramps to name a few
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Atherosclerosis
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What would be prescribed to support antioxidant status in Atherosclerosis?
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–Vitamin C – up to 10,000mg/d
–Vitamin E – 400-800IU/d –Lipoic Acid – 100mg/d –CoQ10 – 100mg/d –N-Acetylcysteine 1,500mg/d –Support SOD with Mn, Zn and Cu |
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What nutrients and their doses could be prescribed to support blood lipid control?
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–Inositol Hexaniacinate – 250-500mg/d
–Vitamin E – 400-800IU/d –EPA/DHA – 3g/d –L. Acidophillus – 1 teaspoon bd |
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How would u support vascular integrity?
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Bioflavonoids – 500mg/d
Vitamin E – 400-800IU/d Lysine – 750mg tds Proline – 300mg/d Glutamine – 1000mg/d |
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Which nutrients would be appropriate to decrease inflammation in Atherosclerosis?
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Quercetin – 500mg/d
Bromelain – 350mg tds Vitamin C – up to 10,000mg/d Bioflavonoids – 500mg/d EPA/DHA – 3g/d |
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Which nutrients can be prescribed to support hear energetics?
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Acetyl- L- Carnitine – 200-800mg/d
Magnesium – 600mg/d Potassium - 100mg/d CoQ10 – 100mg/d |
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How does vitamin B5 support atherosclerosis?
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It is a substrate for Acetyl CoA and increases heart energetics
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Which componenet of which food/drink is helpful in heart energetics?
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Resveratrol in Red wine and grape juice
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Name 3 phytonutrients which can assist Atherosclerosis
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Lycopene (in tomatoes and capsicums)
Catechins (Black and green teas) OPC’s (pine bark and grapeseeds) Red rice yeast extracts Legumes, oatbran and ricebran, psyllium and guar gum extracts |
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How do phytonutrients impact on heart health
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Blood pressure and platelet aggregation is reduced
Tissue Aox & lipid status, as well as myocardial energetics/mechanics are improved |
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List 5 lifestyle interventions to be considered in atherosclerosis
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Regular exercise
Stop smoking Decrease consumption of stimulants – caffeine Decrease stress Increase dietary fibre, particularly soluble fibre |
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What is the ateiolgoy of varicose veins
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Standing for long periods
Low fiber diets increasing straining with defecation ( ↑ BP) Depletion of connective tissue supporting nutrients |
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How does vitamin C assist with varicose veins?
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Co-factor for lysyl hydroxylase and prolyl hydroxylase, required for synthesis of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, respectively. Antioxidant. (collagen synthesis)
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How does vitamin E assist with varicose veins?
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Mixed tocopherols have been shown to reduce the pain of VV
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What are three nutrients that can be prescribed for VV?
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Bromelain 350-600mg (breaks down fibrin (deposited in tissue near VVs)
N-Acetyl-Glucosamine 500-1500mg (Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans required for ground substance of collagen and elastin) Zinc 30-80mg (improves BV strength) |
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Name two cofactors required for collagen synthesis
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Copper 10mg
Managanese 50mg |
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How does rutin (and other bioflavonoids) effect VV's
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Inhibit breakdown of ground substance and increase vascular tone
Act as antioxidants and antti-inflams |
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Name the 7 pertinent treatment aims for VV's
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Decrease venous pressure (standing/defecation
reduce risk of DVT Improve vessel tone and integrity Improve nutritional status to promote connective tissue maintenance and collagen synthesis Reduce pain Reduce inflammation (fibrin - Fibrinogen is the main influence on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate) Improve blood viscosity Repair endothelium |
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How does dopamine act in the SNS?
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Involved in activating fight, flight, fright responses e.g. increased heart rate, increased adrenal hormone secretion.
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What do decelerated GABA levels result in?
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Increased excitatory NTM to function by allowing allow more Na+ particles to enter the neuron thus generating the excitatory effect |
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WHat are the somatic symptoms of anxiety
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Sweating palpitations chest pain
Breathlessness Headache Dizziness Diarrhea Frequency of micturition Initial insomnia Poor concentration |
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Which nutrients are especially depleted in stress?
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B group vitamins, C and zinc which are cofactors in numerous pathways?
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How does shallow breathing effect metabolism?
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Aerobic metabolism (dependant on oxygen) is compromised and the anerobic pathway becomes most prevelant increaseing lactic acid and decreasing blood pH
This perpetuates the cycle causing more stress |
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What are some nutritional considerations for Anxiety disorders?
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Remove stimulating foods
Identify food allergies/sensitivities Maintain high quality protein intake Consume low GI foods Eat smaller more frequent meals |
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For anxiety you would Improve sleep patterns by...
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supplementing with Mg & Ca to control cellualr membrane signalling systems in the NM synapses
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Deep breathing exercises help anxiety by...
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increasing O2 to cells and removing excess build up of CO2 in the blood
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Name to other helpful strategies for anxiety
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Relaxation techniques – gentle exercise, meditation, yoga
Refer client to psychotherapy or counseling |
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An increase or decrease in GABA is helpful in treating anxiety?
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increase
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