Nuero Science Quiz 1

Front 1

Cellularlevel-

Back 1

nervous system cells are neurons and glia

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neuron

Back 2

is afunctional unit of the nervous system, consists of

Cell body, dendrites,axon convey informationinto the CNS -convey info fromCNS to PNS -Connect with otherneurons or interneurons

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SomatosensorySystem-

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information from skinand musculoskeletal system to areas of the brain Afferent

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Autonomic system

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provides Bidirectionalfeedback between brain and smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

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SomaticMotor System

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transmitinformation from the brain to skeletal muscles

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4Regions of the Nervous system

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Peripheral,Spinal, Brainstem, Cerebellar, Cerebral Regions

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PNS

Back 7

allparts of the nervous system that are not encased in vertebral column or skulle key

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Spinal

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all parts of the nervous system in spinal column

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Brainstem/cerebellar regions

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BS connects the SC w/cerebral region, Cerebellum is connected in the back of the BS

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Brainstem

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medulla pons midbrain

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cerebral regions

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cerebrum most massive part of brain, diencephalon/cerebral hemi

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Diencephalon

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thalamus and hypothalamus main structure

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Cerebral hemi

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cerbral cortex and axon connecting other parts of nervous system

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support systems

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spinal fluid, vascular systems, 4 ventricles, and meninges, blood supply form internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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White matter

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composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that convey info away from the cell body, myelin insulating the axon. white due to high fat. bundle of myelinated axon is called a tract column or capsule

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grey Matter

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contain primaryly neuron cell bodies, group of cell bodies in the PNS called ganglia, in CNS are called nuclei (on brain surface called cortex)

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Afferent PNS axons

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carry info from the pns to the cns

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efferent PNS

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carryinfo away from the CNS to the PNS such as motor commands to the skeletalmuscles

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Somatic nervous system

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-axons, sensory nerve cells, glia

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Autonomic nervous system

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contain entire neurons, sensory endings, synospses glia spinal region

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Dorsal root ganglion

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contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

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Ventral root

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cell bodies located in the spinal cord

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Grey mater in spinal cord

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looks like the letter H DIVIDES IN VENTRAL AND LATERAL DORSAL HORN

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2 main function of spinal cord

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convey information between neurons innervating the peripheral structures and the brain and to process info (like a limb reflex from a painful movement to move away quickly)

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Medulla

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continuous with SC 4 cranial nerves

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Pons

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superior to the medulla 4 cranial nerves attach

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midbrain

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4 small round bodies 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi, important for orientation to auditory and visual stimuli 2 cranial nerve

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cranial nerve

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12 pairs name and Roman numeral some sensory, motor or combination

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cerebellum

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2 large hemi and mid line vermis (worm looking) connect the posterior brain stem by peduncle, superior, middle, inferior. function is the coordinate movement

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Cerebrum

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diencephalon consists of 4 structures, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland), subthalamus

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thalamic nuclei

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relay information to cerebral cortex, proves emotional, memory information, different types of sensation

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hypothalamus

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maintain body temp metabolic rate and chem composition of tissue and fluids regulate eating, growth, and function of reproductive organs

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pineal gland

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reg secretion of other endocrine glands including pituitary and adrenal gland

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subthalamus

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part of the controls movment

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cerebral hemisphere

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longitudinal fissure divides 2 fissures gyri-= round elevation, sulci gorves, each cerebral hemisphere has 6 lobes, frontal 2 parietal, 2 temporal occipitalm, limbic, and insular

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Cerebral cortex

Back 36

Grey matter, entire surface of the hemisphere which processes sensory, motor and memory information for reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence, and personality. deep in cortex whitematter, composed of axons that convey information, Commisures are bundles ofaxons that relay information between the cortices (cortex’s) hemispheres, Corpus Collosum is a huge commissure thatconnects of the cerebral cortex

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basal ganglia

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include caudate, putament, globus pallidus, which controls movment

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lentricular nucleus

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putament with the glovbus pallidus

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corpus stratium

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putament and caudate

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Limbic system

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another group of structures within the cerebrum (dienchephalon) Partsof the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex. The limibic system is involved with emotions and processing of sometypes of memory.

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cerebrospinal fluid

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circulates in the ventricles of the brain

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4 ventricles

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lateral, 3rd ( midline slit of the diencephalon), 4th (posterior to the pons)

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meninges

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part of the csf membranous covering of the brain consist of the pia, arachnoid, and dura mater. 2 can be seen in gross view.

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vascular anatomy

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blood is supplied to the spinal cord via 3 spinal arteries running vertically along the cord

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Anterior spinal artery

2 posterior spinal artery

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supplies anterior 2/3

supplies the posterior 1/3

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The spinal arteries receive blood form the

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vertebral and medullary arteries, branches of the vertebral, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar arteries

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Blood supply to the brain from

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2 internal carotid arteries, and 2 vertebral arteries

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what do the 2 internal carotid arteries supply most

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cerebrum anterior superior and lateral cerebral hemi

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what does the 2 vertebral arteries supply most

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occipital inferior temporal and the brainstem, cerevellar

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How many branches and what are the name of the vertebral arteries

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3 branches, anterior and posterior spinal arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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Circle of willis is a ring of how many arteries and what are there names

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9 arteries that supply blood to all the hemi,

Anterior cerebral art, internal carotid, post cerebral, anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, posterior communicating, middle cerebral art, posterior cerebral artery, and basilar art

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Stucture of neuros

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neurons receive information, process and generate output

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organells of neuron

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nucleus, golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, ER

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What is the Soma

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cell body, nucleus golgi ap, and rough ER

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What makes up the cytoskeleton

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microtubules, micro filaments, and neurofilaments

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How many components does a typical neuron? what are they called? what is the function of a typical neuron

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Function: reception, integration, transmission and transfer of info.

there are 4 main components

they are SOMA DENDRITES AXON AND PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS

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What does the some do

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synthesizes large quantity and variety of PRO used as neurotransmitters

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What is a dendrite

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branch like extension that serve as main input sites for cell, project form soma

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Axon

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exten of the soma which reaches from the cell body to target cells (output unit of the cell, specialized to send info to other neurons, muscle cells or glands, very in length

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Axon hillock

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reegion of the cell where axon begins

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Presynaptic terminal

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axon ends with finger like projections wheretransmitting elements of the neuron called Neurotransmitters

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Nuerotransmitters

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neurons transmit information about their activity viathe release of chemicals from presynaptic terminals into synaptic cleft

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Process of neuron cell communication

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Presynaptic neuron>releaseneurotransmitter into cleft>neurotransmitter diffuses from one side of cleftto the other>neurotransmitter binds to receptors of post synaptic neuron,muscle or cell gland

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axonplasmic transport

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Cellular mech that transports sub along an axon

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Anterograde transport

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Moves neurotransmitters and other substances form soma down the axon towards the presynaptic terminal

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retrograde transport

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moves sub from the synapse back to the soma

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What are the types of neurons and what do they look like

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Bipolar- two proesses that extend for cell body dendric root and axon

multipolar- multiple dendrites arising form many regions of the cell body and single axon, most common in vertebrae ns, made to recieve huge amounts of synaptic input

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Psuedouipolar cells

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subclass of bipolar cells, single projection form cell body and divides into 2 axonal roots no true dendrites

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purkinji cells

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multipolar cells in the cerebellum

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Transmission of the information by neurons

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undergo rapid changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane, use of membrane channels that change electrical potential by opening or closing and moving of electron/elements across the membrane, Electricla potential is the potential carried by these electrons, three types resting membrane, local, and action potential

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electron potential

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exists when the distribution of ions creates a difference in electrical change on each side of cell membrane. the difference in the electricalcharge carried by ions referred to as the membranes electrical potential, 3Types of electrical potentials: Resting membrane potential, Local Potential,Action Potential

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Membrane channel

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all channels serve as opening through the membrane, open an close let in ions or out. allows flow of electrically charged ions between extra/intracellular environemnt=local potential

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4 types of membrane channels

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Leak channel- all diffusion of small number ions through slow continous rate

Gated channel- open in response to stimulus close when remove stimulus

modality-gate- sensory neurons, P in response to mech forces (stretch, pressure, touch temp, chem)

ligand gated- neurotransmiter binding to surface of receptor on postsynaptic membrane

voltagfe gated- electrical potential opens and closes fast.

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Resting membrane potential

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No movement no opened channels steady state leak channels pass ions but not enough to change potential. no net movement of ions. -70 mV is resting potential of a neuron. -

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Depolarization

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sudden changes in membranepotential result from the flow of electrically charged ions through Voltagegated channels, when the potential becomes less negative than the restingpotential. Depolarization increasedlikelihood that neuron will generate electrical signal and is excitatory.

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Local potential

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the initial change in membranepotential because it only spreads short distances along membrane. 2 kinds receptor potential and synaptic potential,depending on where they are generated, spread passively and confined to shortdistances

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Action potential

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a brief, largedepolarization in the electrical potential that is repeatedly regenerated alongthe length of an axon. Regeneration allows action potential to spread longdistances

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Transmission of Sensory information along axon

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Deformation of peripheral pressure receptor> Changein local membrane potential> Development of action potential in sensoryaxon> Release of transmitter from the sensory neuron presynaptic terminal>Binding of transmitter to ligand gated channel on postsynaptic membrane> Activatingof synaptic potential in post synaptic membrane

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Synaptic potentials

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are generated in motor neurons and interneurons.

Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter>chemical crosses synaptic cleft> interacts with postsynaptic membranereceptors> Binds to the receptors> opens Ligand Gated channels>changing resting membrane potential