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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Southern blot is used for what?
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DNA
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Northern blot is used for what?
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RNA
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Western blot is used for what?
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Protein
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What does PCR do?
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amplifies DNA or RNA
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Which is loose DAN and which is tight DNA?
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loose- euchromatin
tight- heretochromatin |
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What is the deficiency in SCID?
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adenosine deaminase deficiency
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What is the problem in SCID?
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unable to make DNA, affects all rapidly dividing cells, especially bone marrow
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What is the current therapy for SCID?
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bone marrow transplant
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Under normal conditions, what is the only organ to use FFA as energy?
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heart
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What enzyme in glycolysis is blocked by mercury?
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glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
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What enzyme in glycolysis does flouride block?
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enolase
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What is a clue to flouride poisoning?
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extra white teeth and bones
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Gluconeogenesis is controlled by what hormone?
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epinephrine and glucagon
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What is the enzyme defect in galactosuria?
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galactokinase def
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What are the symptoms of galactosuria?
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galactose in urine, polyuria, polydipsia, and UTIs
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What is the enzyme defect in galactosemia?
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galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency
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In galactosemia, what builds up in the blood?
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galactose 1 phosphate
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In fructosuria, what is the enzyme deficiency?
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fructokinase
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In fructosemia, what is the enzyme deficiency?
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aldolase B
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What builds up in fructosemia?
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fructose 1 phosphate
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Glut 1 & 3 does what?
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basal uptake in most cells
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What does GLUT 2 do?
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storage in liver and the glucose sensor in B-islet cells
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What does GLUT-4 do?
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uptake into muscle and fat cells
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What is hexokinase inhibited by?
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it's product, G6P
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Where is glucokinase found?
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in the liver
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When does hexokinase and glucokinase work?
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hexokinase- during fed and fast
glucokinase- during fed only |
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What activates to a great degree glucokinase?
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insulin
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What is the rate limiting step in glycolysis?
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PFK1
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What is PFK1 stimulated by?
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AMP, F2,6BP, insulin- FIA
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What inhibits PFK1?
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the GA CAP- glucagon, ATP, citrate, acidosis, PEP
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In the fed state, what turns F6P to F2,6BP?
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PFK2
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What promotes pyruvate kinase?
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F1,6P, insulin
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What inhibits pyruvate kinase?
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GA AAA- glucagon, alanine, cAMP, ATP, acetyl-CoA
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What enzyme deficiency causes chronic hemolysis in the RBC?
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phosphoglycerate kinase
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What happens in chronic hemolysis?
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1,3BPG builds up which converts to 2,3BPG and shifts the oxygen curve to the right
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What enzyme does aresenate inhibit?
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glyceraldehyde3P
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What are the 4 irreversible enzymes in gluconeogenesis?
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pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK, F1,6BPase, G6Pase
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How can you differentiate between viral hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis?
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viral- AST to ALT is 1:1
alcoholic- AST to ALT is 2:1 |
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What enzyme turns pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
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pyruvate DH
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What inhibits pyruvate DH?
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ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
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What are the 5 cofactors needed by pyruvate DH?
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B1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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What order are the cofactors for pyruvate DH needed?
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B1, 5, 4, 3, 2
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What is the pneumonic for the TCA substrates?
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Cindy Is King So She Feeds Many Orphans
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Citrate synthase is inhibited by?
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ATP
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Isocitrate DH is inhibited by?
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ATP, NADH
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What is isocitrate DH stimulated by?
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ADP
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What inhibits alpha KGDH?
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succinyl-CoA, ATP, NADH
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What is the major rate limiting step in the TCA?
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isocitrate DH
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What are the products of the TCA?
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2 CO2, 3 NADH, FADH, GTP, CoA
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What is the net ATP production from the TCA?
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12
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What is the only TCA enzyme attached to the mitochondrial wall?
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succinate
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