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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the biological uses of nucleic acids? |
1. storage of genetic info 2. transmission of genetic info 3. use of genetic info |
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What is DNA? |
deoxyribonucleic acid; a permanent storage place for genetic information |
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What is RNA? |
ribonucleic acid; transmits the genetic info from DNA to protein synthesizers in the cell |
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What does DNA & RNA do together? |
use the genetic info to direct the creation of new proteins |
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What are the building blocks of nucleic acid? |
nucleotides |
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What is a nucleotide composed of? |
phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), base |
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What is the 5' (prime) end? |
the phosphate group |
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What is the 3' (prime) end? |
carbon 3 of the sugar |
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What is the phosphate group always linked to? |
carbon 5 |
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What is the difference between the DNA & RNA sugar? |
DNA has one less oxygen at carbon 2 |
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What determines the name of the base? |
the molecule that is attached |
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What are the bases of DNA? |
A, T, C, G; double stranded |
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What are the bases of RNA? |
A, U, C, G; single stranded |
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What are the Purines? |
-small word, big molecules - A, G |
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What are the Pyrimidines? |
- big word, small molecules - T, C, U |
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What do the bases A, T, C, G, U stand for? |
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil |
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What is complementary base pairing? |
It is when the bases have specific pairs |
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What kind of bond is used in complementary base pairing? |
hydrogen bonds |
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What is Adenine paired with in DNA? |
Thymine |
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What is Adenine paired with in RNA? |
Uracil |
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How many hydrogen bonds between Adenine and its pair? |
2 hydrogen bonds |
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What is Guanine always paired with? |
Cytosine |
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How many hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cytosine? |
3 hydrogen bonds |
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What are the bonds between nucleic acids called? |
phosphodiester linkage |
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What kind of bonds exist between nucleotides? |
covalent bonds |
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What is antiparallel? |
it refers to the 5' - 3' end & 3' - 5' end |
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In what direction are nucleic acids built? |
5' --> 3' |
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What are oligonucleotides? |
around 20 nucleotides e.g. RNA primers |
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What are polynucleotides? |
20 or more nucelotides e.g. DNA, most RNA, some DNA contain hundreds of millions of nucleotides |
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In what direction are nucleic acids copied? |
3' --> 5' |
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What are the genetic information transmission & use? |
1. DNA replication 2. transcription 3. translation |
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What is DNA replication? |
DNA stores genetic information. It makes identical copies of itself for every cell |
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What is transcription? |
DNA's genetic information is transmitted into a RNA copy |
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What is translation? |
RNA uses the genetic information transcribed from DNA to create a new protein |
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How many chromosomes do we have? |
23 pairs (46 chromosomes) |
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Which chromosome is different in males? |
23rd pair. XY chromosome |
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What does diploid mean? |
When chromosomes come from 2 sides (mom and dad) |
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What are homologous chromosomes? |
2 of the same chromosome, one from each parent |
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What are genes? |
units of specific nucleotides sequences residing on chromosomes that are for a specific protein |
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What is loci (locus)? |
the area where the chromosomes the gene resides |
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What are alleles? |
alternative versions of a gene that may produce a distinct protein |
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How many alleles does each gene have? |
2 |
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What is homozygous? |
if an individual has 2 of the same alleles for a gene |
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What is heterozygous? |
if an individual has 2 different alleles for a gene |
