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21 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cardiac Terminology
Mediastinum Pericardium Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium |
Mediastinum- the chest cavity that contains the heart
Pericardium - protective covering surrounding the heart Epicardium - outer layer of the heart continuous with the pericardium Myocardium- middle layer of the heart:muscle Endocardium - inner layer of the heart, continuous with the tunica intima of blood vessels |
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The valves that separate the atria from ventricles?
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Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Muscles that attach chordae tendineae? |
Papillary muscles
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Valve that separates right atrium from right ventricle?
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Tricuspid valve
Valve that separates left atrium from left ventricle? |
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
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What are the cords that hold valve leaflets?
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Chrodae tendineae
What are the valves that prevent reflux of blood into ventricle that connect ventricle to arteries? |
Semi-lunar valves
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Valve that prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary artery into right ventricle?
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Pulmonic valve
Valve that prevents back flow of blood from aorta into left ventricle? |
Aortic valve
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The _______ is the contraction phase of the heartbeat while the _______ is the relaxation phase.
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The Systole is the contraction phase of the heartbeat while the Diastole is the relaxation phase.
Which one lasts longer and why? |
The diastole, the atria and ventricles are filling
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What is the percentage of ventricular blood volume that is pumped out with each contraction, also known as stroke volume/end diastolic volume?
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Ejection fraction (EF)
What is LVEF? |
left ventricular ejection fraction, a measure of the heart's functionality
> 50% normal 35 - 50% weakened myocardium <35% very bad |
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How can EF be determined?
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1. echocardiography measurements
2. gated mycardial perfusion imaging studies 3. MUGA (multi-gated acquisition scan) - the gold standard for LVEF |
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What is the dominant pacemaker of the heart?
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
paces at 60-100 bpm Secondary pacemaker along the conductive tissue pathway? |
Atrioventricular (AV) node
40-60 bpm |
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What is the network of fibers that conducts impulses throughout ventricular walls?
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Purkinje fibers
what is its other functionality? |
also a pacemaker, at 20-40 bpm
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Identify the electrodes for a 12 lead EKG
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What is a lead and how do you get 12 from 10 electrodes?
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leads are views, 6 from the 4 arm electrodes and 6 from the chest
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How can you determine the heart rate from an EKG tracing?
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Count the number of large boxes between 2 R waves and divide into 300
OR count the number of small boxes and divide by 1500 |
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What is Sinus Arrhythmia?
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SA node paces irregularly
the R-R interval is irregular P wave, PR interval and QRS complex all normal |
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What is Atrial Arrhythmias?
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P waves differ and premature atrial contraction
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What is Atrial fibrillation?
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A-fib, many sites in the atria are generating depolarization waves
no distinguishable P wave PR not measuable Rate 100-160 bpm Rhythm irregular |
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What is Atrial Flutter?
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P wave is replaced with multiple flutter waves
Rate around 110 bpm Rhythm - regular |
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What is First Degree AV block?
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prolonged PR interval (>5 sm blocks(.20sec))
caused by delayed conduction through the AV node |
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What is ventricular tachycardia?
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Rate 180 - 190 bpm, rhythm is regular but abnormal tissues in ventricles generate rapid contractions giving poor cardiac output
Emergency situation |
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What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
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V-fib
Rate 300+ disorganized elec signals cause the ventricles to quiver instead of contracting no blood being pumped to brain or body Defibrillator ASAP! |
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What is Myocardial Infarct (MI)?
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Rhythm is regular and rate is 80 bmp and P wave and QRS complex normal but ST segment does not return to baseline
What is 0 bpm, flat rhythm |
Asystole
CPR and defibrillation needed! |
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What is the procedure called where the dye is introduced into coronary arteries and stents and balloon catheters are used if needed?
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PTCA - percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography
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