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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define HIV.
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a virus that invades the immune system
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Where is HIV's genetic code transferred to?
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the host's DNA
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Which part of the replication process is AZT and other drugs most effective?
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when more DNA is made with the genetic code of HIV
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Which cells are primarily effected with HIV?
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CD4 (T4) cells
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____ cells regulate the activity of immune cells.
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CD4
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T8 cells are _____ cells, whereas T4 cells are ____ cells.
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suppressor, helper
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When T8 cells are higher than T4 cells, what happens to the client?
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the client becomes immunosuppressed
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What does HIV primarily destroy?
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T4 cells and CD4 lymphocytes
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What are the only type of fluids to be implicated in transmission?
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semen, blood, vaginal secretions, and breast milk
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HIV is more easily transmitted from ___ to ____.
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male to female
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____ are the fastest growing group with HIV.
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women
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Which racial groups are most effected by HIV?
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African Americans and Hispanics
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This is bleeding into the tissues causing purple areas on the body.
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thrombocytopenia purpura
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What is hairy leukoplakia?
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raised white buildup on the tongue
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During this stage of HIV, flu like symptoms last 1-2 weeks, in which 99% will develop antibodies by 6 months.
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Stage 1
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During this stage, the client is asymptomatic but HIV seropositive; may last from a few months to 10-14 years.
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Stage II
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During Stage II of HIV, what gradually declines?
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CD4 lymphocyte count
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During this stage there is persistent generalized lymphadenopathy?
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Stage III
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This is the final clinical stage of HIV infection, T4 cells are less than 200/mm3 and there is presence of an AIDS-defining disease.
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Stage IV
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When does HIV become AIDS?
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T4 cells < 200/mm3
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What are some examples of AIDS-defining diseases?
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PCP, extrapulmonary TB, candidiasis
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What is ELISA?
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enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; positive if HIV antibodies are detected
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What is used to confirm ELISA?
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western blot analysis
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These will all be decreased in the diagnosis of HIV?
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WBC, lymphs, neuts, PLT CT, RBC, H & H
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What is a major challenge to long term management of HIV?
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antiretroviral resistance
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When should a client with HIV be started on antiretroviral therapy?
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when T4 cells drop below 350/mm3 or plasma HIV RNA levels exceed 55,000 copies/ml
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What are the 3 goals of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)?
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suppression of plasma HIV RNA, sustained increase in T4, prevention of opportunistic infections
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What are the 3 categories of antiretrovirals being used?
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non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs), and protease inhibitors
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_____ block the action of reverse transcriptase.
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NNRTIs
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____ inhibit HIV replication in T cells and monocytes preventing new CD4 cells from becoming infected.
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NARTIs
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____ ____ keep infected cells from producing new viruses.
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Protease inhibitors
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What are the most common drugs used in combination therapy?
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Indinavir, AZT, Lamivudine
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What are the opportunistic infections associated with protozoa?
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PCP (also fungal infection, most common), toxoplasmosis
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What is a fungal infection and give an example?
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overgrowth of normal body flora (Candida albicans)
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What are the types of bacterial infections?
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mycobacterium avium complex (most common), extrapulmonary TB
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This is a viral infection that occurs in the perirectal, oral, and genital areas.
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Herpes simplex
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What is the most common type of malignancy?
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Kaposi's sarcoma--> small purplish brown, raised lesions anywhere on the body
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What are some acute care interventions for the nurse?
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universal precautions, no needle recapping, refrain from direct client contact if lesions and open sores are present, be comfortable with own sexuality
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What are some ways to teach client on how to avoid transmission of HIV to others?
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avoid sharing toothbrushes, washcloths, deodorant, inform all HCP and sexual partners of illness, discuss safe sex
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Assist in facilitating ______ that will allay or relieve fears, anxieties, and concerns.
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communication
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Teach client to take and ___ ____.
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record temperature
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What type of diet should be encouraged with a client who has HIV?
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high calorie, high protein and foods that look appealing, low bacterial diet (avoid raw fruits and vegetables)
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Wipe up ____ ___ with soap and water.
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body fluids
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If an area is infected with body fluids what should be used to disinfect the area?
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1:10 solution of household bleach
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What are long-term progressors?
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HIV positive individuals who have developed no symptoms (CD4 counts WNL) after more than 10 years of HIV infections
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What do NNRTIs do?
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block the process of HIV replication in nucleosides
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What are protease inhibitors?
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keeps infected cells from producing new viruses
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What are the SE of AZT?
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anemia, decreased CBC, bleeding
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