Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
__________ is the primary body fluid.
|
ICF
|
|
|
What is intracellular fluid essential for?
|
cell metabolism and function
|
|
|
___________ is the movement of water from a less concentrated area to an area of more concentration.
|
Osmosis
|
|
|
__________ is the movement of water from more concentrated to less concentrated.
|
Diffusion
|
|
|
__________ is the movement of water from high pressure to low pressure.
|
Filtration
|
|
|
____________ is the movement of electrolytes against a concentration gradient
|
Active transport
|
|
|
What are the four ways in which output can be measured?
|
urine, skin, lungs, and feces
|
|
|
_____________ is released from the pituitary to cause kidneys to retain fluid.
|
anti-diuretic hormone
|
|
|
_______ converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
|
Renin
|
|
|
__________ promotes reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium.
|
Aldosterone
|
|
|
_________ influences cardiac regulation
|
Thyroid hormone
|
|
|
What are the major electrolytes of the ECF?
|
sodium, chloride
|
|
|
What are the major electrolytes of the ICF?
|
potassium, magnesium, phosphate
|
|
|
This electrolyte regulates conduction of cardiac rhythm
|
potassium
|
|
|
__________ is the most abundant electrolyte in the body.
|
Calcium
|
|
|
What does sodium do?
|
regulates fluid volume and blood volume
|
|
|
What is the major buffer in the body?
|
bicarbonate
|
|
|
What is a fluid volume deficit?
|
proportional loss of water and electrolytes from ECF
|
|
|
What is fluid volume excess?
|
excessive retention of sodium and water in ECF; results from excessive salt intake
|
|
|
What is the most accurate measurement of assessing fluid?
|
daily weight
|
|
|
What should be included in the measurement of fluid intake?
|
oral fluids, semiliquid foods, ice chips, parenteral fluids, enteral feedings, irrigations instilled
|
|
|
What should the nurse teach regarding dietary control?
|
limit sodium intake and increase potassium and calcium
|
|
|
What are the types of IV solutions?
|
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
|
|
|
What type of solution is 5% dextrose and 0.45% saline?
|
hypotonic
|
|
|
Which type of solution would be useful in a patient with hypovolemia or hypotension?
|
isotonic: lactated Ringer's solution
|
|
|
Which type of solution would be useful in a patient with DKA/hyperglycemia?
|
hypotonic
|
|
|
A hypertonic solution is useful for patients with this condition?
|
burns, hemorrhage
|
|
|
Considering IV infusions, ________ distance means ________ flow.
|
greater, faster
|
|
|
What are the factors affecting flow rate?
|
height of solution, client position, blood pressure, internal diameter of the IV catheter, condition of the catheter and tubing
|
|
|
What are some complications of IV therapy at the IV site?
|
infection, trauma to vein, infiltration, extravasation, thrombophlebitis
|
|
|
What are systemic complications of IV therapy?
|
fluid volume excess, embolus, sepsis
|
|
|
Macrodrip is set at _________
|
10-20 gtt/min
|
|
|
Microdrip is set at ______
|
60 gtt/min
|
|
|
How is the flow rate calculated?
|
hourly rate in mL x drop factor (gtt/ml) divided by 60 min, which equals drip rate (gtt/min)
|
|
|
What does PRBC stand for?
|
packed red blood cells
|
|
|
__________identifies possible minor antigens that will affect the compatibility of the donor blood in the recipient.
|
Crossmatching
|
|
|
Which blood group has neither A or B antigens, but A and B antibodies in the blood plasma?
|
O
|
|
|
If the Rh factor is present, you are referred to as _____
|
Rh+
|
|
|
If you belong to blood group A, you have A _________ on the surface of your RBCs, and B ________ in your plasma.
|
antigens, antibodies
|
|
|
In which blood group are both antigens present on the surface of RBCs and none present in the plasma?
|
AB
|
|
|
What is autologous blood?
|
self-donated; negates the risk of a mismatch or exposure to undetected disease.
|
|
|
What type of catheter is used when infusing blood products?
|
18-gauge
|
|
|
What are some reasons for IV therapy?
|
expand intravascular volume, correct an underlying imbalance, compensate for an ongoing problem, electrolyte replacement
|
|
|
What are the types of IV catheters?
|
Peripheral IV, PICC, CVC, tunneled CVC, implanted port
|
|
|
Peripheral catheters should be replaced every _______ hours
|
72-96
|
|
|
What should the nurse assess for when maintaining an IV?
|
infection, phlebitis, infiltration, extravastation, trauma to vein
|
|
|
What are common sites for peripheral IVs?
|
dorsal veins of the hand, cephalic vein in the forearm
|
|
|
What are areas to avoid in peripheral vein site selection?
|
vein crosses over joint, veins that are highly visible, antecubital veins, do not use veins in legs and feet
|
|
|
________ vein for softness
|
Palpate
|
|
|
How do you perform venipuncture?
|
Enter the skin at 20-30 degree angle using a quick, smooth motion. Reduce the angle of the needle so it is parallel with the skin. Pull the skin in the opposite direction the needle will be advancing
|
|
|
Regardless of the weight, an IV solution should not hang longer than _________.
|
24 hours
|
|
|
What safety check are needed prior to the administration of IVPB medications?
|
ensure the compatibility of the IV solution and medication, assess the IV site and patency of the line, use the correct rate of administration, determine the correct primary line port, affix the correct label to the secondary bag
|
|
|
What does the measurement of IV catheters indicate?
|
Larger sizes for rapid infusion; select the smallest diameter and shortest length catheter that will accommodate the prescribed therapy.
|
|
|
What size catheter is used in a normal adult?
|
for most IV fluids, nurses use a 20-24 gauge
|
|
|
What things should the nurse consider before selecting the site for an IV insertion?
|
age, type of solution, speed of infusion, presence of disease or previous surgery
|
|
|
How long can an IV stay in a single site?
|
72-96 hours
|
|
|
What assessments of the IV site are needed each time you use the IV line?
|
assess for infection, thrombophlebitis, infiltration, extavastation, trauma to vein
|
|
|
How do central venous catheters in the subclavian vein differ from PICC lines?
|
A PICC is a type of CVC. They are inserted through a vein in the arm and threaded into a central vessel. It is a device that uses the subclavian or internal jugular vein for access.
|
|
|
What reasons are there for placement of a CVC catheter?
|
accommodate highly irritating and hyperosmolar solutions because the blood and solution mix rapidly at the infusion site, (2) central veins are accessible even if the patient is experiencing severe fluid depletion, (3) central lines may also be used to monitor central venous pressure.
|
|
|
What is "SAS" and what is its importance in the use of CVC and PICC lines?
|
Saline-adminster saline; important to flush the line before and after med administration
|
|
|
What does "drop factor" mean and where do you find it located?
|
gtt/ml
|
|
|
What is the rationale for giving a medication via the IV push method?
|
The onset of medication action takes place within seconds, so IV administration is especially useful in emergencies.
|
|
|
What assessments are needed for the IV site prior to administering a medication via the IV push route?
|
You must confirm that the IV cannula is in the vein, evaluate the condition of the injection site often.
|
|
|
What is the rationale for dilution of IV push medications?
|
IV push meds are injected undiluted directly into systemic circulation. The administration rate is usually between 1-10 minutes.
|
|
|
Through what size IV catheter can you safely administer blood?
|
18-gauge IV catheter (20 gauge will work)
|
|
|
What does type and crossmatch mean?
|
Rh type (positive or negative)
Crossmatching identifies possible minor antigens that will affect the compatibility of the donor blood in the recipient. |
|
|
How long does the nurse have to institute the hanging of blood once it is obtained from the lab?
|
the nurse has the 30 minutes to hang the blood before it must be discarded
|
|
|
How long can a unit of blood "hang" before it must be dc?
|
a unit of blood cannot hang for more than 4 hours
|
|
|
What verification is done to assure the safety of the administration for the patient?
|
verify the written order for the blood product and that an informed consent has been obtained, have the patient state full name and date of birth
|
|
|
What rate of administration should be selected for the beginning of the administration of blood?
|
blood administration sets have a drip factor of 10 gtt/ml
|
|
|
Regardless of the weight, an IV solution should not hang longer than _________.
|
24 hours
|
|
|
What safety check are needed prior to the administration of IVPB medications?
|
ensure the compatibility of the IV solution and medication, assess the IV site and patency of the line, use the correct rate of administration, determine the correct primary line port, affix the correct label to the secondary bag
|
|
|
What does the measurement of IV catheters indicate?
|
Larger sizes for rapid infusion; select the smallest diameter and shortest length catheter that will accommodate the prescribed therapy.
|
|
|
What size catheter is used in a normal adult?
|
for most IV fluids, nurses use a 20-24 gauge
|
|
|
What things should the nurse consider before selecting the site for an IV insertion?
|
age, type of solution, speed of infusion, presence of disease or previous surgery
|
|
|
How long can an IV stay in a single site?
|
72-96 hours
|
|
|
What assessments of the IV site are needed each time you use the IV line?
|
assess for infection, thrombophlebitis, infiltration, extavastation, trauma to vein
|
|
|
How do central venous catheters in the subclavian vein differ from PICC lines?
|
A PICC is a type of CVC. They are inserted through a vein in the arm and threaded into a central vessel. It is a device that uses the subclavian or internal jugular vein for access.
|
|
|
What reasons are there for placement of a CVC catheter?
|
accommodate highly irritating and hyperosmolar solutions because the blood and solution mix rapidly at the infusion site, (2) central veins are accessible even if the patient is experiencing severe fluid depletion, (3) central lines may also be used to monitor central venous pressure.
|
|
|
What is "SAS" and what is its importance in the use of CVC and PICC lines?
|
Saline-adminster saline; important to flush the line before and after med administration
|
|
|
What does "drop factor" mean and where do you find it located?
|
gtt/ml
|
|
|
What is the rationale for giving a medication via the IV push method?
|
The onset of medication action takes place within seconds, so IV administration is especially useful in emergencies.
|
|
|
What assessments are needed for the IV site prior to administering a medication via the IV push route?
|
You must confirm that the IV cannula is in the vein, evaluate the condition of the injection site often.
|
|
|
What is the rationale for dilution of IV push medications?
|
IV push meds are injected undiluted directly into systemic circulation. The administration rate is usually between 1-10 minutes.
|
|
|
Through what size IV catheter can you safely administer blood?
|
18-gauge IV catheter (20 gauge will work)
|
|
|
What does type and crossmatch mean?
|
Rh type (positive or negative)
Crossmatching identifies possible minor antigens that will affect the compatibility of the donor blood in the recipient. |
|
|
How long does the nurse have to institute the hanging of blood once it is obtained from the lab?
|
the nurse has the 30 minutes to hang the blood before it must be discarded
|
|
|
How long can a unit of blood "hang" before it must be dc?
|
a unit of blood cannot hang for more than 4 hours
|
|
|
What verification is done to assure the safety of the administration for the patient?
|
verify the written order for the blood product and that an informed consent has been obtained, have the patient state full name and date of birth
|
|
|
What rate of administration should be selected for the beginning of the administration of blood?
|
administration rate should be slow to begin with
|
|
|
What is the normal rate for the administration of blood?
|
no more than 10 gtt/ml
|
|
|
How often are vital signs taken at the beginning of blood administration?
|
measure vital signs in 5 minutes, then 15, then 30, then hourly
|
|
|
How long should the nurse stay at the bedside during the transfusion?
|
5-15 minutes
|
|
|
What changes in vital signs are you monitoring that would alert you to a transfusion reaction?
|
increased temperature, increased BP, increased HR
|
|
|
When inserting peripheral IV, hold the catheter at a ___ to ___ angle.
|
20-30 degree
|
|
|
How is the drip rate calculated?
|
hourly rate X drops/ml / 60 minutes
|
|
|
What is the first step in administering a blood transfusion?
|
verify an informed consent
|
|
|
What constitutes a positive sign for Trousseau's?
|
flexion of the wrist and hand
|
|
|
What constitutes a positive sign for Chvostek's?
|
facial twitching
|
