Ntrp 4-02.21 Chapter 2

Front 1

What is Ionizing radiation?

Back 1

Ionizing radiation is simply nuclear radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves (photons) that, as it passes through matter, causes atoms to become electrically charged or ionized

Front 2

How many types of ionizing radiation are there and how many categories are they broken up into?

Back 2

There are only four types of ionizing radiation of biological significance. These four types of radiation are classified into two categories—particulate and nonparticulate

Front 3

What are particulate ionizing radiation types

Back 3

alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons

Front 4

Alpha radiation

Back 4

An alpha particle is a helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons all strongly bound together by nuclear forces

Front 5

Beta radiation

Back 5

Beta particles are identical to atomic electrons but, like alpha particles, they are ejected from a nucleus when the nucleus rearranges itself into a more stable configuration

Front 6

Neutron radiation

Back 6

Neutrons are electrically neutral, yet because of their relatively large mass, they can severely disrupt atomic structures

Front 7

Electromagnetic ionizing radiation Gamma and x-rays constitute?

Back 7

the most abundant form of ionizing radiation associated with a nuclear detonation

Front 8

How is exposure defined for gamma and x-rays

Back 8

in terms of the amount of ionization they produce in air. The unit of exposure is called the roentgen (R) and is defined as: 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4 Coulombs per kilogram in air (C/kg-air

Front 9

Dose rate is ?

Back 9

the dose of radiation per unit of time

Front 10

The activity level of a radioactive material is?

Back 10

a measure of how many atoms disintegrate (decay) per a unit of time

Front 11

A nuclear detonation results from

Back 11

The formation of a supercritical mass of fissile material, with a near instantaneous release of nuclear binding energies and large-scale conversion of mass to energy

Front 12

The energy of a nuclear explosion is transferred to the environment in how many distinct forms?

Back 12

blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation

Front 13

A surface burst

Back 13

An explosion in which a weapon is detonated on, or slightly above, the surface of the earth so that the fireball actually touches the land or water surface

Front 14

A high altitude burst is

Back 14

The weapon is exploded at a high altitude (typically above 50 km) so that it generates an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which can significantly degrade the performance of, or destroy sophisticated electronic equipment.

Front 15

There are two basic types of blast forces which occur simultaneously in a nuclear detonation blast wave

Back 15

Direct blast wave overpressure forces, measured in terms of atmospheres of overpressure;

&

Indirect blast wind drag forces, normally measured in the velocities of the winds which cause them.

Front 16

The thermal radiation emitted by a nuclear detonation causes burns in two ways what are they

Back 16

Direct absorption of the thermal energy through exposed surfaces (flash burns)

and by the indirect action of fires caused in the environment (flame burns).

Front 17

Because of the complexity of burn treatment and the increased logistical requirements associated with the management of burns, they will constitute

Back 17

the most difficult problem faced by the medical service

Front 18

At night, flash blindness can last for up to

Back 18

30 minutes

Front 19

What percent of the energy released in a nuclear airburst is transmitted in the form of initial neutron and gamma radiation

Back 19

About 5 percent

Front 20

the external contamination hazard to both the patient and attending medical personnel will be so negligible that?

Back 20

NECESSARY MEDICAL OR SURGICAL TREATMENT MUST NOT BE DELAYED BECAUSE OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION.