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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anabolic reactions
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require energy and combine
simple compounds into complex compounds. |
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Catabolic reactions
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release energy and break large
molecules into smaller one. |
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Coenzymes
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Complex organic molecules
that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme’s activity. |
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ATP
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high energy compound used to 1) store
energy and 2) yield energy |
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Aerobic:
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Reaction using
oxygen |
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Anaerobic
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Reaction which doesn’t use oxygen
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Vitamin
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Organic compound (made mainly of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) • Essential nutrients (must be consumed in the diet, not made by body) |
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B Vitamins
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Act as coenzymes
- In reactions that 1) Release energy from food 2) Regulate metabolism - In cell multiplication 1) Red blood cells 2) Cells of the GI lining |
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B vitamins and the
Electron Transport Chain |
Niacin
Ribolavin |
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(vit b deficiency) glossitis
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smooth, glossy tongue
due to atrophy of the tissue |
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(vit b deficiency) Niacin
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Pellagra - Diarrhea,
dermatitis, dementia, death |
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(vit b deficiency) Thiamin
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Beriberi - Muscle wasting and
nerve damage, sometime edema |
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(vit b deficiency) Riboflavin
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Ariboflavinosis - Sore throat,
swollen mucous membranes |
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Folate
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Involved in DNA synthesis, amino acid
metabolism - Helps prevent heart disease and cancer - Critical for cell division of very early embryos - Critical for formation of neural tube in developing fetus |
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Folate deficiency - Anemia:
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not enough red blood cells present or
properly functioning - GI tract deterioration |
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folate deficiency - Spinal bifida:
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Improper development of
spinal chord in fetus |
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Antioxidants
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Chemicals that protect cells from
damage by oxidation • Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a molecule |
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Free Radicals
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•Free radical: an atom that has an unpaired
electron. •Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cell. |
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Collagen
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Structural protein
• Makes up connective tissue, such as skin, tendons, ligaments, muscles etc • Foundation for bones and teeth |
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Minerals
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Minerals are elements, can be found on
the periodic table Inorganic (in chemical sense) Not broken down during digestion nor destroyed by heat or light |
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Major minerals
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Minerals that are required in
our diet at amounts greater than 100mg/day |
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Trace minerals
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Minerals that are required in
our diet at amounts less than 100mg/day |
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Goiter:
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Iodine Deficiency: Enlargement of the thyroid gland
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Hemoglobin
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Oxygen-carrying protein
found in our red blood cells Iron Binds and carries oxygen in hemoglobin. |
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• Proof
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amount of alcohol in a serving
100 proof = 50% alcohol 80 proof = 40% alcohol |
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alcohol dehydrogenase
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– enzyme which facilitates the breakdown alcohol (Stomach)
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Supplement
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A pill, capsules, tablet, liquid or powder
that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs, phytochemicals, or amino acids |
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Heat stroke
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A potentially fatal
response to high temperature characterized by failure of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms |
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Water Loss
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• Most is lost through urine
– Controlled by kidneys |
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exhalation
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Some is lost through the lungs during
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(sweat)
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Some is lost through the skin
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feces
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water loss
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Metabolic water
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is a product of many
chemical reactions in the body and contributes 10-14% of the body’s needs |
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Dehydration
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Depletion of body fluid that
results when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake |
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Electrolyte
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A substance that
disassociates in solution into positively and negatively charged ions and is thus capable of maintaining an electrical charge |
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Osmosis
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The movement of water across a
membrane toward the side where the solutes (electrolytes) are more concentrated |
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Hypertension
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a chronic condition
characterized by high blood pressure |
