Nt518 Quiz #2

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Septuagint

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[=LXX] early translation of the Old Testament into Koine Greek. Name comes from legend of seventy scholars who separately came to the same exact translation. Most frequently the translation quoted by NT authors when referring to the OT. Torah finished first, and other books were added over time.

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Aquila

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Early Greek translation of the Old Testament. Only fragments have been recovered.

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Symmachus

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Early Greek translation of the Old Testament. Only fragments have been recovered.

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Theodotion

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Early Greek translation of the Old Testament. Only fragments have been recovered.

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Targums

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Aramaic translations of the Old Testament most likely from the late Roman period.

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Onqelos

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Babylonian Targum of the Pentateuch.

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Neofiti

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Palestinian Targum of the Pentateuch.

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Pseudo-Jonathan

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Palestinian Targum of the Pentateuch.

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Jonathan

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Targum of the Prophets.

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Megillot

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Targum of the Writings.

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Old Latin

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Latin translation of the Old Testament primarily based upon the LXX.

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Vulgate

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Latin Christian translation of the Old Testament by Jerome.

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Peshitta

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Syriac translation of the Old Testament; primarily Christian, but occasionally portrays a Jewish interpretation.

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Apocrypha

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Jewish writings that we have through Greek translations. Known in Catholic canon as the Deuterocanonical writings. Apart from the Catholic canon's distinction, the categorical divide between Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal is fairly arbitrary.

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1 and 2 Maccabees

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From the Apocrypha. Story of the Hasmonian Revolt. 1 and 2 are not sequential, but overlapping.

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Tobit

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From the Apocrypha. Does God repay the righteous? Tobit is righteous, then birds blind him. Son, Tobias, goes off and returns with a beautiful wife, angelic friend, and salve for father's eyes. Ends with apocalyptic address.

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Judith

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From the Apocrypha. Judith seduces an opposing leader and kills him.

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Additions to Esther

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From the Apocrypha. Expansions to the Hebrew of Esther.

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Bel and the Dragon; Susanna; Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men

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From the Apocrypha. Essentially all additions to Daniel.

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Baruch; Letter of Jeremiah

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From the Apocrypha. Baruch was Jeremiah's scribe.

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Prayer of Manasseh

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From the Apocrypha. Famous as one of the finest pieces of Apocryphal literature; it is a penitential prayer supplying what 2 Chronicles 33:11-13 refers to but does not include (Ferguson, 447).

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1 Esdras

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Apocryphal; Ezra-Nehemiah condensed.

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2 Esdras

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Apocryphal; apocalyptic tale.

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Apocryphal Psalms

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...self-explanatory.

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"Pseudepigrapha"

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Literally this term refers to writing which claim to be written by someone that is clearly not the case. It has also become a "catch-all" for any Jewish writing that doesn't fit elsewhere. Since Catholics call the Apocryphal works "Deuterocanonical," they refer to Pseudepigraphal works as "Apocryphal." This further illuminates these arbitrary categories (Ferguson, 448).

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Epistle of Aristeas

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Contains the story of the origin of the LXX. Important source for Jewish propaganda in the Diaspora from circles open to accommodation to Hellenistic ideas either to inquiring pagans or conservative countrymen (Ferguson, 451).

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2 Baruch

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Syriac. Clearly not written by Baruch but claims to be.

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1 Enoch

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From the Pseudepigrapha. c. 2nd-3rd century B.C. (therefore clearly not Enoch...). Complex composite work: 1) Book of Watchers, 2) Book of Similitudes (important for NT study), 3) Book of Heavenly Luminaries, 4) Dream Visions, 5) The Two Ways of the Righteous and the Sinner.

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Eupolemeus

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From the Pseudepigrapha.

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Joseph and Aseneth

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Conversion story of a Gentile daughter to Judaism and marriage to Joseph. Shows a certain accommodation to a Gentile setting while maintaining strong emphases on distinctive Jewish identity (Ferguson, 460).

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Jubilees

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Mid-2nd century BC. A rewriting of history from creation to the giving of the law on Sinai. Emphasizes the absolute supremacy of the Law.

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3 Maccabees

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From the Pseudepigrapha. 1st century BC. Pseudo-history; story of God frustrating Ptolemy Philopator who desired to enter the holy place.

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4 Maccabees

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From the Pseudepigrapha. 1st century AD. Heavy Greek influence (esp. Stoicism). Greek ideal of virtue is only attainable by Judaism.

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Ascension of Isaiah

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From the Pseudepigrapha. 1) Martyrdom of Isaiah - Jewish. 2) Testament of Hezekiah - Christian. 3) Vision of Isaiah - Christian.

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Assumption of Moses

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Rewriting of Deuteronomy 31-34. Pacifist stance opposed to militant nationalism. Missing portions of the Assumption are likely referenced in Jude (Ferguson, 457).

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Pseudo-Phocylides

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Summary of Jewish ethical teaching for Greek-speaking Jews living in a Hellenistic environment. Affinities with early Christianity (Ferguson, 461).

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Sibylline Oracles

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From the Pseudepigrapha. Greek and Roman term for writings from women at an oracular shrine; in the process of recovering, Jews and later Christians found the creation of spurious "Sibylline Oracles" an effective propaganda device. Thus, the surviving collection is a picture of anti-Roman sentiment (Ferguson, 461).

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Psalms of Solomon

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From the Pseudepigrapha. 1st century BC - allusions to Pompey's appearance in Jerusalem and death. Sharp distinction between righteous and unrighteous; rejects Hasmonean monarchy and advocates for Davidic King (Ferguson, 459).

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Testament of Abraham; Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs; Testament of Job

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From the Pseudepigrapha. T of 12 Patriarchs is principal representative of literary genre of testament: formal setting in which an ancient worthy on his deathbed bequeathed a spiritual message to his descendants. Major concerns: 1) ethical paraenesis, and 2) apocalyptic forecasts of the future.

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Dead Sea Scrolls

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Scrolls found in 11 caves in Qumran, caves further south such as Wadi Murabba'at and Nahal Hever, and Cairo Geniza ("attic" for old scrolls discovered in Old Egypt).

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Damascus Document

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[=CD] From the Dead Sea Scrolls. Originally discovered in Cairo Geniza. Sectarian Jewish group which left Jerusalem for a monastic existence in the desert. Copies of CD found at Qumran.

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Community Rule (1QS)

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From the Dead Sea Scrolls. Of fundamental importance for understanding the structure and ideology of the Qumran community (Ferguson, 466).

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Temple Scroll (11QTemple)

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From the Dead Sea Scrolls. Retells Lev., Num., and Deut. in single narrative. Points of contact with Qumran aspects regarding calendar and strictness in interpreting the law. Seems to present as the revealed and therefore only valid interpretation of the law (Ferguson, 472).

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"Pesher"

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Method of Interpretation: "The hidden mystery in a text clarified by its fulfillment. A pesher explained the meaning of the text by a one-to-one correspondence to its fulfillment" (Ferguson, 544). "Characteristic of the pesher commentary at Qumran is the interpretation of the biblical text as foretelling contemporary events of importance to the community, thus giving the text a present application as if it had been written literally with reference to their own time" (Ferguson, 471).

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Philo

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30 BC - AD 50; Jewish philosopher in Alexandria. Combined Stoic-oriented Jewish philosophy with the interpretation of the Old Testament (i.e., read allegorically in light of Stoic philosophy).

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Josephus

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1st-2nd century; royal blood, priest, later gave adherence to Pharisees. "The Jewish War", "Against Apion", and "Life" aka "Testimonium Flavianum."

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"Jewish Antiquities"

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Josephus' history of the world up to the first Jewish war.

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"Jewish War"

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Josephus' survey of Jewish history from the Hasmonean Revolt through AD 70.

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"Against Apion"

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Josephus' apologetic work against the Roman philosopher Apion who wrote against Judaism.

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"Life" (Vita)

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Josephus' spirited defense of his conduct during the Jewish revolt.

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"Testimonium Flavianum"

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Passage in Josephus' "Antiquities" that made some reference to Jesus, though the form we have now has likely been corrected/supplemented by a Christian scribe.

Front 52

Pseudo-Philo

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Author of "Biblical Antiquities" - originally thought to be Philo, but later scholars realized writing was after AD 70 and related to 2 Esdras and the Apocalypse of Baruch.

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"Biblical Antiquities"

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Written by "Pseudo-Philo" post-AD 70 and related to 2 Esdras and the Apocalypse of Baruch; history from creation to the time of Saul, supplementing existing biblical narratives (483).

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Rabbinic Literature

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Talmudic: Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. Midrashic: Mekhilta, Sifra, Sifre, Midrash Rabbah.

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Talmudic Literature

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structured around themes (tractates); systematic concerning legal practice.

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Mishnah

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Talmudic; compiled AD 200 (need to know) by Judah ha-Nasi. 60-70 tractates discussing a theme regarding the law.

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Tosefta

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3rd century AD; Hebrew for "additions." Similar structure as Mishnah; comprised of rabbinic sayings that largely didn't make it into the Mishnah.

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Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds

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Jerusalem = 4th-5th c.; Babylonian = 5th-6th c.; quote Mishnah then follow loosely connected rabbinic stories that happen to fit.

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Midrashic Literature

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Midrash refers to interpretation.

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Halakhic Midrash

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Legal interpretation from 4th-5th c.; includes Mekhilta, Sifra, and Sifre.

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Mekhilta

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Halakhic Midrash on Exodus.

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Sifra

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Halakhic Midrash on Leviticus.

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Sifre

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Halakhic Midrash on Numbers and Deuteronomy.

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Haggadic Midrash

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Interpretation of narrative.

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Midrash Rabbah

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Ranges from 5th c. to 10th c.; Genesis-Deuteronomy; includes the 5 scrolls ("megilloth"): Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther. Generalizes by reading individual verses in order to make comprehensive, coherent statements (498).

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Sadducees

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Power elite, free will, reject resurrection and oral tradition.

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Pharisees

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Rabbinic teachers, standardized interpretation of torah, "compatabilist" views on sovereignty.

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Essenes

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Deterministic, monastic, Qumran

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"4th Philosophy"

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Overthrow Pagan rule, includes Zealots and Sicarii.

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Zealots

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Overthrow government by any means; part of the "4th Philosophy"

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Sicarii

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"dagger–men", assasins within the "4th Philosophy".

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Herodians

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Pro–Herodian kingly line

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Samaritans

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Descendants of the old Northern Kingdom of Israel; intermarried with Assyrians, and worship at temples outside of Jerusalem.

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Proselytes

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Gentile converts; follow the full Jewish religion.

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God–fearers

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Gentiles who sympathize with the Jewish religion.

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Antiochus IV

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(Epiphanes) 2nd c. BC; Attempts to squash Jewish religion; stops circumcision, stops temple worship, burns scrolls.

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Hasmonians

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Revolted against Seleucids (Antiochus Epiphanes).

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Mattathias

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Out of zeal, killed the Romans who were defiling the Temple; fleed to hill country with "the righteous" thus beginning the Hasmonian Revolt.

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Judas

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(Maccabeus) - "the hammer"; son of Mattathias that took over the revolt after father quickly died. Brothers: Jonathan and Simon.

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Later Hasmonian Kings

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John Hyrcanus, Alexander Ianneus, Hyrcanus Antigones

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Antipater

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Governor of Idumea; took advantage of conflict between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II; eventually Caesar made him a Roman citizen with the title procurator of Judaea. Poisoned in 43 BC.

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Herod the Great

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37-4 BC; Edomite descent, Jewish by religion - never popular. Able ruler, but extremely jealous of his position.

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Herod Agrippa I

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Friend of emperor Caligula; AD 40 interceded to stop Caligula from erecting a statue in the Temple.

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Herod Agrippa II

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Romans looked to Herod Agrippa II as an expert in Jewish matters - thus he heard Paul's case (Acts 26); strongly supported Romans and sought to dissuade the Jews from continuing the revolt that broke out in 66 (419).

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Pontius Pilate

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Governor of Judaea AD 26-36; loyal to Rome, intent on preserving order, tried to avoid excessive bloodshed, and flexible in the face of demonstrations (416).

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Vespasian

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Appointed by Nero to suppress the First Jewish Revolt (AD 66-70). AD 69 Vespasian emerged victorious from the civil war and year of "four emperors." Left son Titus to lay siege to Jerusalem.

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Titus

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Son of Vespasian; left to lay siege to Jerusalem. AD 70 Temple destroyed and Jerusalem taken.

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Bar Kochba

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Messianic figure, "son of the star" - led revolt from 132-135.