Nt Final Exam Sucks

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H. S. Reimarus

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esus was a Jewish revolutionary who sought to die a martyr’s death; his disciples later developed (or made up) the idea of the resurrection and return of Christ

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David Friedrich Strauss

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The Gospels provide a basic outline of Jesus’ life; but they also add mythological elements to Jesus’ life because of the early church’s belief that Jesus was the Messiah.

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Johannes Weiss

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Jesus announced the coming of an eschatological kingdom

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Albert Schweitzer

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Jesus sought to provoke the eschatological kingdom of God by his ministry and, ultimately, by his death

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Ernst Käsemann

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suggested that the quest for the historical Jesus was a valid endeavor (despite his teacher R. Bultmann)

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Günther Bornkamm

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Jesus actually understands himself as bringing in the kingdom of God in his own preaching

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James M. Robinson

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an English apology for the “New Quest”

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Burton Mack

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Jesus as “Cynic”

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Geza Vermes

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Jesus is a Galilean charismatic miracle-worker

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Ben F. Meyers

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Jesus proclaims the restoration of Israel

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E. P. Sanders

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Jesus sought to bring in a new age by invoking the overthrow of the Temple; and this brought the authorities (but not the Pharisees) out against him.

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N. T. Wright

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Jesus announces the restoration of Israel from exile, the inclusion of the Gentiles, and the coming judgment; he is put to death for appearing an insurrectionist; he then is resurrected.

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slave

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owest status,they became slaves by capture as prisoners of war or kidnapped and sold.

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freedperson

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slaves who bought freedom or were set free (ie. in a will), when freed, they were commonly granted citizenship.

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free

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(born free) either as a Honestiores or Humiliores

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Honestiores

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highest class of aristocrats were senators

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Humiliores

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rity of population, and huge gap between the honestiores. Considered unvirtuous (much of the early church), owned farms or businesses or worked for others.

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non-citizen- aliens

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did not have a right to avoid humiliating death, punishment without trial, and could not vote.

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citizen

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could vote, were exempt from humiliating forms of punishment and punishment without trial. Those freed from slavery were often granted citizenship, one could be born into it, buy it, or receive it as a reward on the discharge of military service. - citzenship helped ensure empire loyalty.

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patron

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offered legal protection to client, rewarded them with food and presents. Patrons could also be clients of a higher class citizen.

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client

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followed patrons offering services and public promotion of the patrons cause.

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Ptolemies

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Ptolemy I Soter ruled 320-198 BC and was one of Alexander’s most trusted generals. He became governor of Egypt and designated as king. During this era, Judea enjoyed freedom and peace, yet Hellenistic culture threatened Jewish identity.

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Seleucids

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Seleucus I Nicator ruled 198-167 BC. He was also one of Alexander’s generals and an extremely powerful leader. They fought to keep control over Babylon, the upper Euphrates valleys, Syria and Asian Minor, but by 190 BC they lost control to Rome. Hellinisation also become a threat to Jewish identity and many eventually ruled the temple. Because of this, the worship of Greek gods became mandatory.

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Stoics

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Stoics placed their emphasis on reason and believed the relationship between God and the world is like that between the body and soul, and we are to be one with nature.

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Epicureans

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Epicureans did not believe in the existence of gods, or if they did exist, they were far distant from the world and did not exert any influence over it. They emphasized the importance of pleasure and tranquility of the mind, and the state of being free from passion and fears.

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Cynics

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preached to convince the audience of the wretchedness of their unreflective life and the need to become independent from the cares of the world. Known for their loud, rough and direct speech

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Pharisees

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a sect of the Jews beginning in the first century, and emphasized religious practice as an individual, personal decision. Pharisees means “separated one”. They promoted vigorous adherence to the law.

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Sadducees

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the educated elite who invested in social position. They were mostly priests, and were suspicious of religious fanaticism and largely rejected the messianism common to the Pharisees.

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Essenes

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a religiously pious monastic commune, all-male and lived in isolation. Promoted regular water baptism, likely produced the Dead Seas Scrolls.

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Zealots

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Jewish fighters during the first revolt against Rome of AD 66-70

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Sicarii

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using a “sica” (a short dagger) these Jewish fighters mingled among the multitude with these weapons and stealthily stabbed with enemies, then melted into the crowd.

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Herodians

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referred to as opponents of Jesus, probably political patrons living in the major cities of Galilee and Judea.

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Samaritans

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a remnant population with a mixture of the people of Samaria Persians and Israelites. Jewish leader with Ezrea and Nnehemiah rejected them. They revised the Hebrews scriptures to promote their own place in history and tried to sabotage the Jerusalem temple at Passover.

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Proselytes

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A convert to Judaism from paganism with a three-fold process: circumcision, immersion in water, and the presentation of an offering at the temple.

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God fearers

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Gentiles who sympathized with Judaism and adopted some, but not all, Jewish theology and practice. They did not become full proselytes.

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Septuagint

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Greek translation of the OT

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Targums

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Rabbinic. A popular Aramaic paraphrases of the OT.

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Apocrypha

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contained historical works such as 1 & 2 Maccabees, works of fiction and wisdom writing

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Pseudepigrapha

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false writings” Jewish writings collected and refected by religious communities. Extracanonical books

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talmudic and midrashic rabbinic literature

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Rabbinic and other Jewish scholars’ commentaries on the Scriptures.

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Philo

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Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who sought to fuse greek philosophy and Judaism. His work centered mostly around exegesis of the Septuagint(greek translation of the Hebrew OT) and meshing that with stoic reasoning. His work with logos had an impact on early Christology in the church, viewing God's revelation through logos as the blueprint for all of human life.

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Josephus

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1st century Jewish Historian, recorded many aspects of the relationship between the Jews and romans particularly the conflicts, record the events of the Jewish revolt against Rome which eventually ended with the destruction of the temple in 70 ad, his work also includes important evidence for the cannon of the OT being established in the first century stating that included 22 books which were viewed as inspired by God.

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dentify the distinctives of Jewish religion

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-Monotheism (one true God)
-God becoming incarnate (the word became flesh)
-Ethical religion
-Ethnic-centered
-Jerusalem as ‘Mother-City’. Diaspora (dispersed) in the nations outside of Judea.
-Sabbath
-Circumcision
-Food laws
-Messanism & Eschatology (People waiting for the Messiah)

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Gnosticism

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generally united in the teaching that the cosmos was created by an imperfect god.

Believe that matter is bad (the earth) and that the spiritual is the only good.

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Tatian’s Diatessaron

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The Diatessaron is a document putting the four gospel together. Resolves apparent contradictions, omits the geneologies

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Matthean Priority

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A solution to the synoptic problem, which concerns the origin of the Gospels of the New Testament. The hypothesis holds that Matthew was written first, by Matthew the Evangelist

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Marcan Priority (both two source and four source)

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he hypothesis that the Gospel of Mark was the first written of the three Synoptic Gospels, and that the two other synoptic evangelists, Matthew and Luke, used Mark's Gospel as one of their sources. The theory of Markan priority is today accepted by the majority of New Testament scholars[1] who also hold that Matthew and Luke used a lost source of Jesus's sayings called Q.

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Q

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Q source, which is sometime referred to as Q document, or simply Q, comes from the German Quelle, which means "source". It is a hypothetical textual source for the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. Q is defined as the "common" material found in Matthew and Luke but not in Mark

Front 49

Define source criticism

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the analysis and study of the sources used by biblical authors.

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Define Form Criticism

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analysis of the Bible by tracing the history of its content of parables, psalms, and other literary forms

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Define Redaction Criticism

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looks closely at “editing”, and is interested in the editorial seams, in the way the editor ties together his sources.

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Define Narrative Criticism

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is reading as a continuous narrative, read for plotline, character, only what is in the book

Front 53

List the distinct theological themes in matthew as mentioned by RT France (on handout):

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matthew = fulfillment
“more explicit Christology”
Jesus as the New Moses
Jesus fulfils the Law
Jesus is the fulfillment of Israel’s hopes
But Israel fails to see their Messiah

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List the distinct theological themes in Mark as mentioned by RT France (on handout):

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he “Good News” is Jesus
Jesus is Messiah and Son of God
“Messianic Secret”
Discipleship involves rejection and suffering
Continuing failure of the disciples
Vivid portrait of action (though not lacking in words)

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Gospel of Thomas

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is a well preserved early Christian, non-canonical sayings-gospel

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Hauptbriefe

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The term Hauptbriefe (Trans. Main Letters) was made by a German scholar, Ferdinand Christian Baur. Based on his research, he believed that only 4 letters were written by the Apostle Paul himself, i.e. Galatians, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians. From then on, these 4 books are known in Christian scholar circle as Hauptbriefe.

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South Galatian theory

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begins by demonstrating the imperial province of Galatia extended to the south. So when Paul went on his first missionary journey, he was in Galatia. This theory concludes Paul used the Roman provincial name for his churces.

Front 58

Recognize the various theological implications of Jesus’ resurrection

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A. Christ’s resurrection is proof of his status as Son of God (Rom 1:4).

B. Jesus’ resurrection indicates the power of God (Eph 1:20), a power which even avails to believers (cf. 2 Cor 1:9).

C. Jesus’ resurrection provides the basis for his exaltation to the right hand of God and the ministries Jesus performs in the Father’s presence (e.g., Rom 8:34).

D. Belief in Jesus’ resurrection is necessary to salvation (Rom 10:9) and hence is a inherent part of the Gospel (1 Cor 15:4-8; 2 Tim 2:8).
It is theologically important to focus on the resurrection.
E. Jesus’ resurrection is the basis for the believer being born again (1 Pet 1:3) which provides the context for Christian hope.

F. Jesus’ resurrection provides salvation (1 Pet 1:3; 3:21; Col 2:13) and even justification (Rom 4:24-25).

G. Believers are resurrected with Christ (Col 2:12), and thus they are released from slavery to sin in order to bear fruit (Rom 6:4-11; 7:4; cf. Col. 3:1ff.); they also (in some mysterious way) are already seated with Christ in the heavenlies (Eph 2:6).

H. Jesus’ resurrection is the basis for the resurrection of believers (John 11:25-26; Acts 4:2; Rom 8:11; 1 Cor 6:14; 15:20-23; 2 Cor 4:14).

I. Jesus’ resurrection illustrates what the “spiritual bodies” will be like in the resurrection of believers (1 Cor 15:42-49).

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Recognize key issues in dating the Gospels.

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*Probably were written in the late 50s, mid 1st century.
*The manuscripts were distributed widely in the 2nd century
*Early church tradition spoke very strongly about the gospels. Many fathers quoted the gospels.
*There is no detailed account about the destruction of the Temple (167). Probably the gospels were written before.
*Observe the end of the book of Acts:(Paul in prison)

Front 60

List the distinct theological themes in matthew as mentioned by RT France (on handout):

Back 60

matthew = fulfillment
“more explicit Christology”
Jesus as the New Moses
Jesus fulfils the Law
Jesus is the fulfillment of Israel’s hopes
But Israel fails to see their Messiah

Front 61

List the distinct theological themes in Mark as mentioned by RT France (on handout):

Back 61

he “Good News” is Jesus
Jesus is Messiah and Son of God
“Messianic Secret”
Discipleship involves rejection and suffering
Continuing failure of the disciples
Vivid portrait of action (though not lacking in words)

Front 62

List the distinct theological themes in Luke as mentioned by RT France (on handout):

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Emphasis on Salvation History
Luke shows interest in Gentile mission
Luke exhibits failure of Jews to follow Christ
(though with respect for the Jewishness of the early Church)
Gospel shows no partiality, and is particularly for the poor
The Holy Spirit directs the mission of the church

Front 63

What does a typical structural marker in the book of Acts look like?

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Word goes forth and increases; 'taking more territory'.
6:7 And(A) the word of God continued to increase, and the number of the disciples multiplied greatly in Jerusalem, and a great many of the priests(B) became obedient to(C) the faith.

9:31 So(A) the church throughout all Judea and Galilee and Samaria had peace and was being built up. And(B) walking in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit,(C) it multiplied.

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occasions and purposes of First and Second Thessalonians

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While 1 Thessalonians seems to be a general letter of encouragement in response to Timothy’s report (see 3:6), 2 Thessalonians is written in part to oppose the idea that Jesus had already returned (see 2:1ff.).

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occasions and purposes of Galatians

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Wrote the letter when people started preaching a perverse gospel. So perverse that Paul could not bring himself to even call it a gospel.
The people teaching the perverse gospel wanted the Christians to live by the Mosaic Law and to take part in circumcision.

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occasions and purposes of First Corinthians

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With significant divisions in the Corinthian church, Paul writes to encourage unity, to argue persuasively for the resurrection of the body, and to answer some key questions (e.g. over immorality, lawsuits, marriage and singleness, food sacrificed to idols, the Lord’s supper and tongues).

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occasions and purposes of Philippians

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Writing from prison in response to a gift from the church, Paul also commends to them Epaphroditus and speaks of Paul’s own desire to see them, while he encourages them with his example and that of Christ.

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occasions and purposes of Second Corinthians

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As Paul sends Titus to Corinth (8:16ff.) to collect the church’s gift to the needy saints, he also re-asserts his apostolic credentials as a suffering servant of the gospel in order to further move the church at Corinth to repentant obedience.

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occasions and purposes of Romans

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Paul prepares the Roman Christians to help him in his desire to come through there and to pass on into Spain. In the process he lays out his gospel, answers some objections, encourages the faithful, and especially directs himself to issues of Jews and Gentiles in the church.

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occasions and purposes of Colossians

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A letter bearing some cautions against a dangerous hybrid religious philosophy, but largely containing general encouragement in Christian living.

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occasions and purposes of Philemon

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A letter written to Philemon to ask for leniency in his treatment of the run-away slave Onesimus.

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occassions and purpose of Ephesians

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An apparently circular letter written to encourage the churches in Asia Minor with the gospel, with the gospel’s implications for Jewish and Gentile relations, and with advice in walking the Christian walk.

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occassions and purpose of Titus

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Pastoral advice for Paul’s faithful fellow servant concerning his responsibilities over the church in Crete.

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ID purpose(s) of the books in the Johannine literature

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Gospel of John- purpose statement from John 20:31 "so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ..." - this is the main one we focused on in class

The purposes and themes of John's gospel and Revelation should be interpreted in light of each other.

I John 5:13

The word incarnate

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occassions and purpose of 1 & 2 Timothy

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Pastoral instruction for Paul’s “son” in the Lord, Timothy, concerning his responsibilities over the church in Ephesus. In 2 Timothy, Paul also asks that Timothy come to him.

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In the broadest possible way, tell the OT story

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Creation (Gen 1&2)
Fall (Gen 3)
Redemption
"Protoevangelium" (Gen 3:15)
Noah and the Flood (Gen 9:1-17)
Abraham and the Promise (Gen 12:1-3)
Moses and the Law (Ex 19:3-6)
David and the Kingdom (2 Sam 7:4-17)
New Covenant (Jer 31:31-34
Consummation
Judgment (joel)
Vindication

Front 77

Name some of the redemptive acts of God in the OT story and some key OT themes with their NT passages mentions.

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Redemptive acts:
- Noah and the flood (1 peter 3:20)
- retelling of the OT story - Acts 7
- the hall of faith: Hebrews 11

OT Themes:
Creation - John 1, Romans 1
Fall - Romans 5
Covenant - Romans 9
Covenant with Noah mentioned in 1 Peter 3

Front 78

List Key OT themes. Give some indication of in what New Testament passages these influence NT authors:

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Creation - John 1, Romans 1
Fall - Romans 5
Covenant - Romans 9

Judges - they broke the covenant, cried out for a king. Jesus broke that cycle when he made a new covenant (which he mentions at the Last Supper)

Front 79

Your professor has claimed that there are a variety of ways the NT authors use the OT (esp in citations and allusions) list these and discuss:

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Just remember these:

-allegory: imagery of law and grace (sarah and hagar) - Galatians 4:21-31

- exemplary characters: Hebrews 11

Front 80

Discuss the relevance of the following OT texts to interpreting Jesus' mission: Psalm 22; Isaiah 53.

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Psalm 22 "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" · Jesus cites the opening words to this Psalm (while on the cross) so his disciples would hear and know to interpret what Jesus was doing by the words of the Psalm.

· Jesus describes his anguish with the words of the Psalm
- David's words in this Psalm exactly describe what Jesus went through on the cross.

Isaiah 53 “By His stripes we are healed". Is 53 is one of the Servant Songs: looking forward (perhaps even quoted in 1 Peter!). This passage is very close to a real prophetic announcement of what the messiah will do.

*Chapman mentions these passages b/c we get the sense in the gospels that the disciples have no clue, especially right before Jesus is about to die. Peter is the 1st to say to Jesus that he doesn't need to die.
-Jesus gave them a FRAMEWORK for understanding through his use of the OT passages!!

Front 81

Your professor has claimed that there are a variety of ways the NT authors use the OT (esp in citations and allusions) list these and discuss:

Back 81

-allegory: imagery of law and grace (sarah and hagar) - Galatians 4:21-31


- exemplary characters: Hebrews 11 (hall of faith)

- typology: christ was a type of noah (prophet spending three nights somewhere - Matt 12:39-40)

Front 82

Which gospel do the scholars who employ a historical Jesus scholarship believe in the most reliable? Critique their reasoning.

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The Gospel of Thomas was written 100 years after the canonical gospels. This discards the earlier documents and relies heavily on one that was predicated on movements that developed much later than when Jesus actually lived.

They believed it is the most reliable because it comes the closet to agreeing with Matthew, Mark and Luke (Multiple attestation)

Dr. C quote "But if something in the true Gospels is in the Gospel of Thomas, then it has to be Jesus. That is not reasonable. I argue that the Gospel of Thomas is a second-century work that
is derived from the Gospels. To the extent that it changes the traditions of the Gospels, it tends to do so in a very Gnosticizing direction. In other words, it changes Jesus’ teaching toward a second-century
heresy."

Front 83

defend the Gospel accounts of the trial of Jesus from each of the five objections covered on the “Trial of Jesus” handout.

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Objection #1 is that the Sanhedrin was capable of capital punishment, so it would not have needed to deliver Jesus to the Romans. However, according to some historical documents historical documents (and John 18:31) the Sanhedrin lost the right of capital punishment just prior to Jesus’ death

Objection #2 is that a nocturnal trial by the Sanhedrin was not permissible in rabbinic law, nor was a trial on a festival day. However, Jesus was a blasphemer an exception was made for grievous crime of which he was accused.

Objection # 3 is there is no blasphemy in Jesus’ claim to be the Messiah. Yet Jesus’ claim to sit on the right hand of “Power” and his prediction that he will come on the clouds of heaven, all associated Jesus’ words with a claim to deity.

Objection #4 is that Jewish leaders would have opposed crucifixion of any Jew. But there are historical examples of Jewish leaders crucifying (Alexander Jannaeus). Most importantly, the Romans were the ones actually carrying out the crucifixion itself.

Objection #5 is that the Romans are portrayed too kindly in the Gospels. But John 19 described the Romans as very cruel, in the way the beat Jesus and taunted him on the cross

Front 84

Given the class treatment of the "intention of Jesus" (concerning his self-understanding) be prepared to list (and even discuss) the major points in our discussion.

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Jesus understanding of self is noticed in his use of the title "son of God" (which speaks to his divinity) and "son of man" (ref. Daniel 7:13) which is a more substantive claim to lineage. By using the term "son of man" this is humbling and exalting, because the traditional view of the Messiah in Jewish culture is that the Messian is ruler over the Gentiles.

Jesus also intended to inaugurate the Kingdom. Kingdom of Heaven and Kingdom of God is interchangable in the gospels. Realm is a better word to use instead of “place” and “time”. The realm is the “rule of God”, and doesn’t limit God to time and place. Jesus came to bring about the rule of God.

Jesus intended to die as evidence in the Lord's Supper,and how he spoke about he own death. He sought his own death not as a martyr but for something grander

Front 85

Concerning Jesus' teaching, what are some key principles for interpreting parables?

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There are two key principles: 1) parables make a limited number of points- generally indicated by the number of characters, and 2) historical and literary context matters. Be sure to note: who Jesus is talking to, what are the points of the surrounding parables, and any specific cultural distinction. Ex: Prodigal son- a reckless son deserves death (OT social custom), the father images God in His love, joy, and generocity, the son is repentant, and the older brother reflects the attitude of the Pharisees.

Front 86

How is the Lord’s Supper relevant to the discussion of Jesus’ intention? How are his “passion predictions” relevant to his intention?

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Jesus is saying before he is betrayed that he intended to die and that he intended to use the blood of his death to inaugurate a new covenant. The passion predictions give clues as to his intention to die, however, the disciples didn't get it. Each of the gospels report Jesus' predictions that he will die.

Front 87

What evidence is there in the Gospels that Jesus saw his resurrection as part of his ministry?

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The main evidence that Jesus saw His resurrection as part of His ministry is that He taught the resurrection of the dead, raised others from the dead, and made passion/resurrection predictions as recorded in the synoptic gospels as well as John. The first two examples regard the resurrection of others and symbolize His own resurrection, while the third directly corresponds to His resurrection. Matt. 22:23-33, Mark 12:18-27, and Luke 20:27-40 all record Jesus' teaching on the resurrection of the dead. As for the second piece, Jesus raised the widow of Nain's son, Jairus' daughter, and Lazarus from the dead. Some of Jesus' predictions regarding His own resurrection include the Sign of Jonah, His conversation following the Transifguration, and His bold statement following raising Lazarus: "I am the Resurrection" (John 11).

Front 88

How would you interact with the contention that the early Christians were extremely naive (dupes) about believing in miracles (and especially about believing in the resurrection)?

Back 88

The early Christians were fully aware that they would face opposition to the gospel. The presence of supernatural activity in the First century was not uncommon; the early believers would have understood that they must present proper evidence to support these claims. When doing so, they did not turn to text books or scientific methods, rather they turned to the strongest evidence of their time, eyewitness testimony. Even when presenting this testimony they knew there were some who would reject the evidence and some who would doubt their claims, as in Matthew 28:11-17. They also knew the stakes if their testimony was not historically true; yet they believed and had faith in the person and work of Jesus Christ and in the power of his resurrection.

Front 89

What is the Testimonium Flavianum? What did your instructor think about the historicity of it's contents?

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The Testimonium Flavianum is the longest extrabiblical account of Jesus from antiquity. This text, written in the late 1st century, is found in The Antiquities of the Jews by Josephus. It was later kept by monks, and there is some controversy regarding its authenticity, especially considering some of the text doesn't seem to match a Jewish perspective on Jesus. Some suggest the whole text is authentic to antiquity, while others assume the entire text was inserted by monks. A third Dr. Chapman-approved critique would say that Josephus probably wrote some of the text, but Monks most likely added to it.It gives us a biblical non-Christian view of Jesus that has been tampered with.

Front 90

What are some key theological themes for Luke-Acts that are present in the prologue and opening to the book of Acts (Acts 1:1-11)?

Back 90

n looking just at the opening of Acts 1 we can see many common themes between Luke and Acts:
-vs. 1- "Jesus began to teach" - Jesus' life, death and resurrection was only the beginning of his ministry and work. The disciples continue his work with his Spirit.
-vs. 2- "He was taken up" - account of the ascension recorded only in Luke and mentioned again in Acts, Jesus is reigning in heaven (also highlighted by Stephen before stoning) "Jesus now seated in the heavens"
-vs. 2, 4-8 - emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit leading the way for the church
-vs. 3- "presented himself alive after his suffering by many infallible proofs", historical proof of the resurrection
-vs. 8- "Judea, Samaria, and to the end of the earth", worldwide expansion and inclusion of the Gentiles

Front 91

Briefly discuss the key issues in authorship of the Johanine corpus:

Back 91

Only one of John 's works, revelations, includes his actual name. 2nd and 3rd John reference the Elder, and the gospel of John references the one whom Jesus loved. Early church tradition strongly identifies John as the author of all of these books.

However, some think that there were 2 different Johns. This is due to Eusebius, who when reading the lists set out in Papias, interprets what appear to be two lists to mean that there were two Johns, John the brother of James, and John the Elder. Papias writes that he obtained his information from the presbyters, the elders, and then lists the apostles.
-But this reappearance of John's name can be attributed to the distinction Papias is making between written and oral sources.
-John lived longer than any other apostle. The first list seems to be the written sources Papias consulted, which would have included John's writings, and then the people who Papias consulted personally, which again could have been John since he lived into the 2nd century (when Papias wrote).
-Additionally, Papias is using the term presbyter technically, to mean apostle.
So it is unlikely that there are 2 Johns. There was one John, the apostle (presbyter)

Front 92

What are some "keys" mentioned in class for interpreting the Gospel of John? Or the book of Revelation?

Back 92

Both are written by the same author, so we need to realize that there is coherence between both books.

John writes in John 20:30-31 that he writes so that his readers might believe, and by believing, come to eternal life in Christ. The point of his writing is not just to bring unbelievers to saving faith (as DA Carson suggests), but to increase the faith of his reader, no matter where the reader is at in his understanding of the gospel, in the faith continuum. If you look at John 20 it outlines the responses of several different characters to the resurrection. The women, Peter/John, the other disciples when Jesus appears to them, THomas' doubt. All of these individuals needed belief, though all had been following Jesus for a long time. Wherever you are in faith, there is room for more belief. [Dr. C gave the example of John not being like a light switch, but a radial, you can turn up the light if you want to (rather than just on/off)]

Front 93

Some have contended (esp FC Baur) that the history of the early church was a working out of the tensions between Peter and Paul (resolved in a later generation in the book of Acts). What are some difficulties with this position?

Back 93

This issue feeds into the perspective that Paul founded early Christianity. However, we know that Jesus' own self-understanding and intent is the basis of Christianity, and Paul did not disagree with that. Paul did not create a theology that was extra-Jesus- his theology is taken from Jesus' self-understanding and intent to come, die, and rise again.





FC Baur believed that only 4 letters were actually written by Paul- Romans, Galatians, and 1/2 Corinthians. Basically, he reads his understanding that Paul's main issue was to combat the Judaizers, Jewish Christians who were all about the law. So because Ephesians, for example, is about breaking down divisions between groups, it simply can't be written by Paul, but must be from the 2nd century.
Another issue is that Baur came from the German Lutheran tradition. Luther especially cared about justification by faith and freedom in Christ. According to Baur, it is only where Paul discusses justification by faith and freedom that is truly Pauline.
Ramifications:
1. Has impacted current Paul scholarship so that accepted Pauline authorship, though more books than Baur thought, is still less than we would affirm.
2. Most writings on the theology of Paul focus exclusively on Romans and Galatians, and exclude the other books. All books should be included!

Front 94

Why is it important to understand the various occasions for each of Paul's writings?

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understand the purpose of his letter: whom and why he is trying to reach & not to write a systematic theology letter. Each of the cities/churches Paul writes to has their own problems and questions (occasions) and that is what Paul directly addresses. Knowing the various occasion of Paul's writing helps the reader to better understand Paul's intent.

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Why is it important to study the NT through the lens of history?

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Each author wrote from a certain cultural context. Understanding the culture of that historical place and time allows us to better discern author's intent, to better 'fill in the gaps' of our understanding.
o Not history of NT scholarship
o Why important to understand NT historically?
§ Need for understanding NT in historical context – mtn diagram (ex. Paul’s culture when writing)
§ NT is historical book à real history about Jesus, despite claims of the NT Jesus NOT as the historical Jesus (we must understand historical dimensions of the text)

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Why is it important to engage in the activity of New Testament theology?

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We need to understand first the individual contribution of each author: understand what they emphasized and why.
Then, we need to synthesize from there. If we synthesize too early, we lose some of the intent of the author. We need to synthesize eventually though to understand the whole, the coherence of the New Testament writers' theology.
This helps us to see real theological thrust that unifies it.

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PID

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pelvic inflammatory disease

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What do K.L. Schmidt, M. Dibelius, and Rudolf Bultmann all have in common?

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They all subscribe to form criticism

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Gunther Bornkamm, Hans Conzelmann, W. Marxsen

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They all subscribe to redaction criticism

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Be prepared to lay out the five main criteria employed in historical Jesus scholarship, to define each, and to provide a critique of each.

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(1.) Dissimilarity with Judaism/early church suggests that the gospels are authentic wherever they differ from Judaism and the early church, and the criterion of
(2.) consistency considers material authentic if it is consistent with other authentic material (generally what's been affirmed by the first criterion).
(3.) Multiple Attestation counts material as authentic if it is found in multiple sources (i.e. Gnostic gospels).
(4.) Linguistic Tests authenticate Aramaic-based material because Jesus spoke Aramaic and
(5.) Cultural Tests consider material that presents Jesus as particularly Jewish authentic since Jesus was Jewish. A critique of #1 is that it is absurd to assume there is no continuity between Jesus and the early church and, in fact, makes Jesus and ineffective preacher if he had no impact on the early church. Also, #1 and #5 seem to contradict each other, which is cause for a critique of both criteria. #3 privileges Gnostic writings, in particular the Gospel of Thomas, which was written 100 years after the gospels, which is a cause for criticism. (NOTE: I don't have anything for #2 or #4)