Nt 4Th Quarter Ids

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Epistle of Barnabas

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is a Greek epistle containing twenty-one chapters, preserved complete in the 4th century Codex Sinaiticus where it appears at the end of the New Testament. It is traditionally ascribed to Barnabas who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, although some ascribe it to another Apostolic Father of the same name, "Barnabas of Alexandria", or simply attribute it to an unknown early Christian teacher. Estimated 90-131 AD

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Apocalypse of Peter

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is an early Christian text of the 2nd century and an example of apocalyptic literature with Hellenistic overtones. The Greek and Ethiopian versions differ drastically from each other. The book is a discourse between Peter and the risen Christ giving visions of heaven first and then hell.

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Pastoral Epistles

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books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy) the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus. They are presented as letters from Paul of Tarsus to Timothy and to Titus. They are generally discussed as a group (sometimes with the addition of the Epistle to Philemon) and are given the title pastoral because they are addressed to individuals with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and leadership.

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Catholic Epistles

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The name given to the Epistle of St. James, to that of St. Jude, to two Epistles of St. Peter and the first three of St. John - they were addressed not to any particular person or church, but to the faithful generally after the manner of an Encyclical letter.

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Acts of Paul and Thecla

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is an apocryphal story - of St Paul's influence on a young virgin named Thecla. It is one of the writings of the New Testament apocrypha. (2nd Century)

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Ignatius of Antioch

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was among the Apostolic Fathers, was the third Bishop of Antioch, and was a student of John the Apostle.[2][3] En route to Rome, where according to Christian tradition, he met his martyrdom, he wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of very early Christian theology. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

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Shepherd of Hermas

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is a Christian literary work of the 1st or 2nd century, considered a valuable book by many Christians, and considered canonical scripture by some of the early Church fathers such as Irenaeus. The Shepherd had great authority in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. It was bound with New Testament

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Muratorian Canon

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an ancient list of canonical books drawn up in Greek, ostensibly in the late second century due to the reference to Pope Pius, and surviving in a single copy in poor Latin discovered by Muratori. Some have redated the canon to the fourth century. (the oldest known canon or list of books of the New Testament)

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principalities and powers

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the context makes (Eph 3.10) it clear that it refers to the vast array of evil and malicious spirits who make war against the people of God. The principalities and powers of Satan are in view here, powers that wield power in the unseen realms to oppose everything and everyone that is of God.

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"the lamb standing as if slaughtered"

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John's vision of the creature that holds the seals to be opened in Revelation. A reference to Jesus Christ. The lamb having seven horns and seven eyes has been interpreted as symbolic of the Father's seven spirits given to Chris showing full power over all things.

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"Early Catholicism"

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Term used by some NT scholars to define a development they perceive in Christian life and thought from expectation of an early end and judgement towards sacramental and continuing institutional norms. After the death of the apostles there was general freedom of each church to practice their spiritual gifts. However gradually over time liturgical and sacramental life became standardize.

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apologetic letter

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The New Testament writers anticipate and answer objections and seek to demonstrate the credibility of the claims and credentials of Christ, focusing especially on the resurrection of Jesus as the historical foundation upon which Christianity is built. Many New Testament writings are occupied with polemics against false teachings, in which the apologetic concern is to defend the gospel against perversion from within the church. (1 Peter 3.15)

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Prisca, Priscilla

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were a first century Christian missionary married couple described in the New Testament and traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples. They lived, worked, and traveled with the Apostle Paul, becoming his honored, much-loved friends and coworkers in Christ Jesus. Some scholars believe she is the anonymous author of Hebrews.

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Haustafeln (Household Codes)

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consist of instructions to pairs of people in different situations. The main focus of the Household Codes are upon husband/wife, parent/child, master/slave relationships. The Code apparently was developed to meet the needs for order within the churches and in the domestic and civil structures of society.[1] The two main passages that explain these duties are Ephesians 5:22-6:5 and Colossians 3:18-4:1. An underlying Household Code is also reflected in 1 Timothy 2:1ff., 8ff.; 3:1ff., 8ff.; 5:17ff.; 6:1f.; Titus 2:1-10 and 1 Peter 2:13-3:9.

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Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza

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Her definition of the gospel is whatever promotes equality between women and men - so texts that disparage and subjugate women are not "canonical" and should not be preached in the church. Pastoral epistles would be excluded.

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Adele Yarbro Collins

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Biblical scholar best known for her work on Revelation. wrote on eschatology in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature.

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James ("the Just")

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first Bishop of Jerusalem, who died in 62 or 69, was an important figure in Early Christianity. He is distinguished from the Apostle James, son of Zebedee by various epithets; he is called James the brother of the Lord by Paul (Galatians 1:19), James the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just by Hegesippus and others, "James the Righteous"

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Doctrine of the two ages

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The idea that there are two ages of reality: the present age in which all is currently is, and the age to come marked by the return of Christ. Another distinction of the two ages is change from temporal to eternal (mortal to immortal).

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Doctrine of the two ways

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The two ways is from the Didache, which opens with these words, "There are two ways: one of life and one of death; and the difference between the two ways is great. The way of life is this: first, you should love God, who made you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself; and whatever things you do not desire to be done to you, do not do them to someone else."

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amphiballomena

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things that are "toss-ups" - could be thrown either way - James, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John.

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homologoumena

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things received and confessed in common - the four Gospels, Acts, Pauline epistles, 1 Peter, 1 John, Revelation, and maybe Hebrews

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antilegomena

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texts that are considered "things spoken against" - later considered 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John. There was opposition to having them apart of canon

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The Didache

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The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (Didachē means "Teaching") is a brief early Christian treatise, dated by most scholars to the late first or early 2nd century. But J.A.T. Robinson argues that it is first generation, dating it c. A.D.40-60.

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First Epistle of Clement

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is a letter addressed to the Christians in the city of Corinth. The letter dates from the late 1st or early 2nd century, and ranks with Didache as one of the earliest — if not the earliest — of extant Christian documents outside the canonical New Testament. As the name suggests, a Second Epistle of Clement is known; but this is a later work, not by the same author.

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Slanley Hauerwas

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is an American theologian, ethicist, and public intellectual. Hauerwas has long been associated with narrative theology and postliberal theology

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the archangel Michael

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In the New Testament Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is specifically referred to as an "archangel".

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the beast from the sea

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The first beast comes from "out of the sea" and is given authority and power by the dragon. This first beast is initially mentioned in Revelation 11:7 as coming out of the abyss. His appearance is described in detail in Revelation 13:1-10 and some of the mystery behind his appearance is revealed in Revelation 17:7-18.

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the beast from the land

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The second beast comes from "out of the earth" and directs all peoples of the earth to worship the first beast. The second beast is described in Revelation 13:11-18 and is also referred to as the false prophet. The two beasts are aligned with the dragon in opposition to God.

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the four equestrians

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Although some interpretations differ, in most accounts, the four riders are seen as symbolizing Conquest, War, Famine, and Death, respectively. The Christian apocalyptic vision is that the four horsemen are to set a divine apocalypse upon the world as harbingers of the Last Judgment.

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Ananias and Sapphira

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according to the Acts of the Apostles, members of the Early Christian church in Jerusalem. The account records their sudden deaths after being accused of lying to the apostles about money. As told at the beginning of Acts chapter 5 Ananias and Sapphira, following Barnabas' example but not willing to give all, also sold their land but withheld a portion of the sales. Ananias presented his donation to Peter. Peter replied, "Why is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit?" Peter pointed out that Ananias was in control of the money and could give or keep it as he saw fit, but that he had withheld it from Peter and lied about it, and stated that Ananias had not only lied to Peter, but also to God.

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"Luke, the beloved physician"

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a reference in Colossians 4.14. this is connected to the tradition of the writer of the gospel according to Luke was a doctor. There is no evidence of this connection.

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the Elder John

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is an obscure figure of the early Church who is either distinguished from or identified with the Apostle John, by some also John the Divine. He appears in fragments from the church father Papias of Hierapolis as one of the author's sources and is first unequivocally distinguished from the Apostle by Eusebius of Caesarea. He is frequently proposed as an alternative author of some of the Johannine books in the New Testament.

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Athanasius

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Alexandrian Scholar (367). wasn't the first to come up with a list of texts, but probably the first to consider them canon.

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Arius

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was an ascetic Christian presbyter and priest in Alexandria, Egypt. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father's divinity over the Son, and his opposition to Trinitarian Christology, made him a primary topic of the First Council of Nicea, convened by Roman Emperor Constantine in AD 325

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Theophilus

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the name or honorary title of the person to whom the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles are addressed. Theophilus means friend of God or (be)loved by God or loving God. No one knows the true identity of Theophilus - both a common name and an honorary title among the learned.

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"the elect lady"

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The 2 letter of John is addressed to the "elect lady." No one knows the true identity of the "elect lady" - John could be speaking to one specific lady (Mary), or a church symbolically.

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archēgos

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Translated as "author" or "leader" This compound came to be used of a ruler, prince, or leader (human or angelic). In Hebrews the word is used in 12.2 as the one who is the author or perfecter of the faith (used a couple times in Acts). The emphasis here is on Jesus Christ.

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paradosis

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This is the act of "giving up" or "giving over" of tradition. The passing down of what has been taught as tradition. A succession of tradition being passed down, either by word of mouth or written down. Paul uses this imagery in his writings to the Corinthians and else where.

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apocalyptic

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Style of writing found in Jewish writing. Only one book in the New Testament falls under this style of writing. Revelation ends the canonical New Testament as apocalyptic literature. The authors vision of the end of time and judgment.

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parousia

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is an ancient Greek word meaning presence, arrival, or official visit. The other seventeen uses refer to the Second Coming of Christ, except the one case in which it refers to the coming of the "Day of God"

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Diotrephes

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a man mentioned in the (Third Epistle of John, verses 9–11). His name means "nourished by Jupiter". In addition to being ambitious, proud, disrespectful of apostolic authority, rebellious, and inhospitable, the author of the letter says that Diotrephes tried to hinder those desiring to show hospitality to the brothers and to expel these from the congregation.

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interpolation

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a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.

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Pax Romana

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(Latin for "Roman peace") was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Since it was established by Caesar Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augusta. Its span was about 207 years (27 BC to 180 AD).

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Lydia

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a woman mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles who is regarded as the first documented convert to Christianity in Europe. Several Christian denominations have designated her a saint.

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Barnabas

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Acts tells us that it was Barnabas who supported Saul against those in Jerusalem who could not believe their persecutor had been converted. Barnabas and Saul begin to convert gentiles after approval from Jerusalem. The Antioch church sends Barnabas and Saul on a Mission to Cyprus and Asia Minor. After a dispute between Barnabas and Paul in Antioch, they no longer travel together.

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Marcion

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was a 2nd century scholar who believe a distinct separation from the Old and New Testament - they do not speak of the same God or reality. Marcion argued for only one gospel, an edited version of Luke. Excommunicated from the church and may be the catalyst for developing an official canon of Christian scripture

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Irenaeus

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uses the imagery of the earth having four corners, four winds as a poetic reason for the fourfold witnesses to Jesus Christ by the Gospels. This was an argument Irenaeus uses against Marcion.

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Origen

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Great theologian of the early church. Posited a fourfold distinction of the developing canon of scripture: Homologoumena (things received, confessed in common): the four Gospels, Acts, Pauline epistles. Pseude (false writings): Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of the Egyptians, Gospel of Basilides. Amphiballomena (could be thrown either way): James, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John. Antilegomena (things spoken against): or apocrypha (things that are hidden or should be), writings that do not belong to the canon but the use of them is permitted. Origen acknowledges “a canon within a canon.”

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Patmos

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Island in the Aegean Sea. John is there (he may have been exiled there ­GAK) when the revelation is delivered by an angel. The island location is thought to have influenced some of the imagery of the Book

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Pantocrator

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refers to a specific depiction of Christ. Pantocrator or Pantokrator is, used in this context, a translation of one of many Names of God in Judaism. When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek as the Septuagint, Pantokrator was used both for YHWH Sabaoth "Lord of Hosts" and for El Shaddai "God Almighty". The most common translation of Pantocrator is "Almighty" or "All-powerful".

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Melchizedek

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translated as "my king (is) righteous(ness)") was a king and priest mentioned during the Abram narrative in the 14th chapter of the Book of Genesis. In Christianity, according to the Letter to the Hebrews, Jesus Christ is identified as a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek, and so Jesus assumes the role of High Priest once and for all.

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Nero

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Roman Emperor 54 to 68 and first major state sponsor of Christian persecution. Reigned before the destruction of the Temple. May have ordered the execution of Peter and Paul. Is referred to symbolically in The Book of Revelation as 666/616.

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Domitian

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Roman Emperor 81 to 96 who insisted on the title “Lord and God”. (Ferguson) Persecuted those that did not honor his divinity and could be considered “Nero come back again”. His ferocity was not as great as Nero’s but was more widespread. (Brown) Reigned after the destruction of the Temple. Many assume that Revelation was written under the reign of Domitian but it is possible that one part was written under Nero and another under Domitian (lecture).

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666 or 616

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Thenumberofthebeast­SataninRevelation.Bygematria(wherelettersalsoserveas numerals, as in Latin) the Hebrew consonants transliterating the Greek form of the name of Nero Ceasar total to 666

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Jezebel

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name of the Canaanite queen who convinced her husband, King Ahab, to worship Canaanite deities in 1 Kings and 2 Kings. (GAK) Was an enemy of Elijah and declared herself to be a prophet (see Rev. 2:20) (Joyce). In Revelation, code language for some enemy we can’t identify. (Dr. Grieb, review session)

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Nicolaitans

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They are only mentioned in the Book of Revelation 2:6,15. All that is known about them is from mirror­reading the text. They are “bad guys.”

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episkopos

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guardian or overseer; bishop; from early church structure; for qualifications and household codes see 1 Tim 3:1­13, Titus 1:7­9

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presbyteros

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elder or forefather; from early church structure; see 1 Tim 5, Titus 1:5­6.

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diakonos

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Greek word meaning “one who executes the commands of another, esp. of a master, a
servant, attendant, minister; the servant of a king; a deacon, one who, by virtue of the office assigned to him by the church, cares for the poor and has charge of and distributes the money collected for their use”

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144,000

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a number used in Revelation (7:1­17 and 14:1­5) to count the sealed (though who exactly it refers to is hotly contested). The number isn’t used elsewhere in Jewish or Christian literature, but presumably it symbolizes completeness:12 tribes of Israel x 12 apostles x 1000.

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Simon Magus

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In Acts 8 Peter says to him, “May your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain God’s gift with money!” Magus is a title, derived from Persian word for a priest,
used in Greek for people who practiced “magic.” Introduced as the antithesis of Philip

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"the lawless one"

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Appears in 2 Thessalonians 2:3,8,9. “a blasphemous anti­christ figure whose
revelation would be the last sign preceding the day of the lord,” or the parousia.

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Tychicus

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Paul describes him as “ beloved brother, faithful minister, and fellow servant of the Lord”
(Col. 4:7,) Pauls sends Tychicus to the Ephesians to tell them “everything he is doing” and to build up the church at Ephesus (Eph 6:21). Also mentioned in Acts, Titus and 2 Timothy ­ delivers Paul’s messages.

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Timothy

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a first­century bishop who traveled with Paul, who was his mentor, and who was the recipient of 1 Timothy. The letter to the Hebrews speaks of Timothy being freed from prison (13:23) and of his going to visit the people to whom the letter to the Hebrews is addressed. Moreover, from 1 Timothy we know that Timothy is in Ephesus, since the author of the letter advises Timothy to stay in Ephesus.

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Aristarchus

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a Macedonian from Thessalonica (Act 27) “fellow prisoner” and “fellow laborer” of Paul (Col)(Phil). Traveled with Paul ­ Seized in riot in Ephesus along with Gaius.

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Babylon

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in Revelation, refers to Rome (Kristin) the destruction of Babylon is described in Rev 17:1­18:24. (GAK) Also appears in 1 Peter 5:13, where “the author calls Rome ‘Babylon’, a name frequently used for that city in Jewish and Christian tradition after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE” (HarperCollins on 1 Peter, p. 2059).

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idol meat

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Paul took a more nuanced approach to idol meat than later NT scripture. Paul took the stance that all of God’s creation is good, but that if what you eat causes your brother to stumble, don’t eat it. The book of Revelation took a much firmer stance against idol meat in all cases. [GAK] Rev 2:14 and 2:20

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Balaam

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Rev. 2:14 ­ According to postbiblical Jewish literature, the error of Balaam­ involved idolatry and sexual immorality (a much less kind portrayal than the original story). The Nicolatians repeat the error of Balaam. It was Balaam who taught Balak (Num 22­24) to be a stumbling block before the people of Israel so they would eat food sacrificed to idols and practice fornication.(AS) He also pops up in Jude and 2 Peter (which is based on Jude) as an example of someone who has gone astray (KS). May be code language for an enemy we can’t identify.

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parakalō

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Greek 1st p. singular present form of a verb meaning “I urge, appeal, or exhort” used in Acts and the epistles about 20x. E.g., in Philemon, Paul appeals to Philemon in regards to Onesimus. In Eph 4:1, “Paul” urges the Ephesians to live worthily in view of their calling. And in Hebrews the verb identifies the genre of the “epistle” as an exhortation in verse 13:22.

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gnosis

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Greek word meaning “knowledge”. Gnostic writings were written in opposition to the canonicalwritings. TheGreekword“Pseude”meaning“falsewritings”isalsousedbyOrigentorefer to the Gnostic writings: Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of the Egyptians, Gospel of Basilides.

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graphē/kanōn

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A single text is considered scripture, but once they are taken as a whole they are considered canon.

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Article VI

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(of the 39 Articles of Religion) where it is said that “Holy Scripture contains all things necessary to salvation” and where the canonical books are identified (also the apocryphal ones are listed too).