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358 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Study of cell function and structure
from greek "kytos" = cell or container |
Cytology
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the 4 aspects of the cell theory
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1.Cells building blocks of all plants and animals
2. All cells from preexisting cells 3.Cells smallest unit that perform all physiological functions 4.Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level |
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synonym for extracellular fluid
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intertitial fluid
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2 types of cells
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Sex cells and somatic
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Soma
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body
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how many rounds of mitosis for the develpment of a fertilized egg
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41 rounds of mitosis
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Stem cells
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totipotent
pluripitent multipotent |
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Cell membrane composition an function
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lipid bilayer w/phospohlipids, steroids and proteins
F- insulation, protection sensitivity, support, crlt entrace and exit of materials |
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Cytosol composition and function
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Fluid component of cytoplasma
F- distributes materials by diffusion |
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Non membranous organelles
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- Cytoskeleton/ microtubules and microfilaments
-Microvilli -Cilia -Centrosome -centriole -Ribosomes -Proteosomes |
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Cytoskeleton
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proteins organized in fine filaments or small tubes
f- strenght and support movement of cellular structures and materials. cell movement. |
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Microvilli
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membrane extensions containing microfilaments
F-increase surface area to facilitate absortion of extracellular materials |
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Cilia
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membrane extentions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array
F- Mov of materials over cell surface |
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Centrosome
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Cytoplasm containing 2 centrioles at right angles
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centrioles
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each is composed of 9 microtubule triplets
f- mov of chromosome during dell division organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton |
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Ribosomes
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RNA + proteins fixed ribosomes bound to rough ER
Free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm F- Protein synthesis |
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Proteosomes
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hollow cylinder of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at end
F- breakdown and recycling of intracellular proteins |
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Membranous organelles
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Mitocondria
ER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Nucleous |
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Mitochondria
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2ble membrane with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes
F- produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell |
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ER
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Network of membranous channels extending thorught the cytoplasm
F- synthesis of secretory products intracelluar storage and transport |
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Rough ER
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has ribosomes bound to membranes
Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins |
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smooth ER
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no attach proteins
F- lipid anc carb synthesis |
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Golgi apparatus
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Stack of flattened membranes or saccuoles containing chambers (cisternae)
F-Storage, alteration, packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes |
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Lysosomes
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vesicles containing powerful digestive enzymes
F- intracellular removeal of damaged organelles and/or pathogens |
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Peroxisomes
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vesicles containign degradative enzymes
neutralization of toxic compounds |
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Nucleous
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nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin, surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
F- crlt of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, crlt of protein synthesis |
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Nucleolus
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dense region in nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA
F- site of RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits |
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Functions of cell membrane
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Physical isolation
Regulates exchange with environment Monitors the environment structural support |
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Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model |
hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails |
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Membrane proteins
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integral proteins - transmembrane- wihtin
Periferal proteins - inner or outer surface |
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6 functions of membrane proteins
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anchoring
Recognition Enzymes Receptor proteins Carrier proteins Channels |
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membrane carbs
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Proteoglycans
glycoproteins glycolipids extend outside cell membrane |
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sticky sugar coat formed by membrane carbs
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Glycocalyx
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Function of membrane carbs
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Lubrication an protection
anchoring and locomotion specificity in binding (receptors) Recognition (inmune response) |
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cytoplasm
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cytosol and organelles
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cytosol (fluid) dissolved materials
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nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
more K+ than extracellular fluid less Na+ lots suspended protein some carbo, lots aa and lipids (not inc. inclusions) |
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Thin filaments composed of the protein actin
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microfilaments
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mircrofilament functions
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provide additional mechanical strength
interact with proteins for consistency pairs with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement |
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pairs with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement
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microfilaments
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Intermediate Filaments
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Mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments
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Protein of IF
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collagen (durable)
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function of IF
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strengthen cell and maintain shape
stabilize organelles stabilize cell position |
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Large, hollow tubes of tubulin protein
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microtubules
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microtubules move vesicles within the cell by means of the proteins
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Kinesin and dynein
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form the spindle apparatus
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microtubules
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Functions include attach to centrosome, strengthen cell and anchor organelles as well as, change cell shape
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microtubules
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Microvilli
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Attach to cytoskeleton
Increase surface area for absorption |
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Form the spindle apparatus during cell division
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centriole
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cytoplasm surrounding centriole
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centrosome
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move fluids across cell surface
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Cilia power
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Build polypeptides in protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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free ribosomes
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make proteins for cell
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fixed ribosomes
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proteins for secretion
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Proteosome
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molecular machine
The outer chamber catches proteins to be destroyed, and unfolds and presents them to the inner chamber for degradation |
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disassemble damaged proteins for recycling
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Enzymes (proteases)
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ubiquitin mediated protein degradation
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proteins ready to be degraded are flagged with ubq molecules in order to be recognized by the protosome and there they are degraded
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Storage chamber within membranes of the ER
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Cisternae
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Functions of ER
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Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Storage of synthesized molecules and materials Transport of materials within the ER Detoxification of drugs or toxins |
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SER
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Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates:
phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes) steroid hormones (reproductive system) glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells) glycogen (storage in muscles) |
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move fluids across cell surface
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Cilia power
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Build polypeptides in protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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free ribosomes
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make proteins for cell
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fixed ribosomes
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proteins for secretion
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Proteosome
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molecular machine
The outer chamber catches proteins to be destroyed, and unfolds and presents them to the inner chamber for degradation |
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disassemble damaged proteins for recycling
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Enzymes (proteases)
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ubiquitin mediated protein degradation
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proteins ready to be degraded are flagged with ubq molecules in order to be recognized by the protosome and there they are degraded
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Storage chamber within membranes of the ER
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Cisternae
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Functions of ER
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Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Storage of synthesized molecules and materials Transport of materials within the ER Detoxification of drugs or toxins |
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SER
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Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates:
phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes) steroid hormones (reproductive system) glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells) glycogen (storage in muscles) |
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RER
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active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
folds polypeptides protein structures encloses products in transport vesicles |
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Vesicles enter forming face
and exit maturing face of the....... |
Golgi apparatus
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Vesicles of the G. apparatus
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Secretory
Membrane renewal lysosomes |
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modify and package products for exocytosis in the G. apparatus
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secretory vesicles
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add or remove membrane components in the G. apparatus
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memebrane renewal vesicles
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carry enzymes to cytosol
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lysosomes
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Carry materials to and from Golgi apparatus
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Transport vesicles
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lyso-
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disolve
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lysosome structures
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primary
Secondary |
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primary lysosome
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formed by golgi and inactive enzymes
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Secondary lysosome
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lysosome fused with damaged organelle
digestive enzymes activated toxic chemicals isolated |
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lysosome functions related to cell cleaning
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-break down large molecules
-attack bacteria -recycle damaged organelles -ejects wastes by exocytosis |
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Self-destruction of damaged cells
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Autolysis
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lysis-
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break
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characteristics of autolysis
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-lysosome membranes break down
-digestive enzymes released -cell decomposes -cellular materials recycle |
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enzyme-containing vesicles that replicate by division (also constructed in cytosol)
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Peroxisomes
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break down fatty acids, organic compounds and also produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (broken down in turn by catalase)
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peroxisomes
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A continuous exchange of membrane parts by vesicles
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membrane flow
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memebrane flow??? where??? and why??
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all membranous organelles (except mitochondria)
allows adaptation and change |
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Mitochondrion Structure
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Have smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (cristae)
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Matrix
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fluid around cristae
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Mitochondrial Function
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takes chemical energy from food (glucose) and produces energy molecule ATP
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
metabolism (cellular respiration): |
mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and produce ATP
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration reaction
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glucose + oxygen + ADP carbon dioxide + water + ATP
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Glycolysis
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glucose to pyruvic acid (in cytosol)
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Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle):
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pyruvic acid to CO2 (in matrix)
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structure of the nucleus and its parts
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Nucleous
Nuclear envelope Perinuclear Space Nuclear pores |
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Nucleous
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Largest organelle
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Nuclear envelope
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2ble membrane around the nucleous
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Perinuclear space
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between 2 layers of nuclear envelope
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Nuclear pores
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communication passages
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Within the Nucleus
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DNA
Nucleoplasm Nuclear matrix |
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Nucleoplasm
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fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
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Nuclear matrix
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support filaments
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Are made of RNA, enzymes, and histones thus are related to protein production
Synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits |
Nucleoli in Nucleus
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Organization of DNA
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Nucleosomes
Chromatin Chromosomes |
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Nucleosomes
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DNA coiled around histones
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Chromatin
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loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
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Chromosomes
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tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)
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DNA vs gene
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instructions for every protein in the body
Vs gene : DNA instructions for 1 protein |
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Nucleus Controls Cell Structure and Function by means of....
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direct and indirect control
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Direct control in the nucleous
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through synthesis of:
structural proteins secretions (environmental response) |
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Indirect control of nucleous
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over metabolism through enzymes
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Selective permeability restricts materials based on:
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size
electrical charge molecular shape lipid solubility |
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Transport through a cell membrane can be:
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active (requiring energy and ATP)
passive (no energy required) |
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3 Categories of Transport
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Diffusion (passive)
Carrier-mediated transport (passive or active) Vesicular transport (active) |
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Concentration is
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the amount of solute in a solvent
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Concentration gradient is
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more solute in 1 part of a solvent than another
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Diffusion
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-molecules mix randomly
-solute spreads through solvent -eliminates concentration gradient - solutes move down a concentration gradient |
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Factors Affecting Diffusion Rates (1)
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Distance the particle has to move
Molecule size - smaller is faster Temperature - heat, faster motion Gradient size- (steepness) Electrical forces-like charges repel membrane permeability surface area |
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Simple Diffusion
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Materials which diffuse through cell membrane:
lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, and steroids) dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) |
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Channel-Mediated Diffusion
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Materials which pass through transmembrane proteins (channels):
water soluble compounds ions |
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Osmosis
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is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
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More solute molecules
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lower concentration of water molecules
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osmosis flow direction
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Water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more solutes
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Osmotic Pressure
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Is the force of a concentration gradient of water
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Equals the force (hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis
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Osmotic Pressure
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Tonicity
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The osmotic effect of a solute on a cell
2 fluids may have equal osmolarity, but different tonicity |
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A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
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Isotonic Solutions
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tonos-
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Tension
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Has less solutes
Loses water through osmosis |
Hypotonic Solutions
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A cell in a hypotonic solution....
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gains water ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells)
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hypotonic
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hemolysis
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Hypertonic Solutions
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Has more solutes
Gains water by osmosis |
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A cell in a hypertonic solution
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loses water
shrinks (crenation of red blood cells) |
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Hypertonic
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shrink red blood cells
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Filtration (just like a coffee filter)
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Movement across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
Water forces across and carries solutes smaller than pore size |
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Carrier-Mediated Transport
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facilitated diffusion
active transport |
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Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport
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Specificity
Saturation limits Regulations |
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saturation limits
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rate depends on transport proteins, not substrate
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Regulation ( carrier mediated transport)
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cofactors such as hormones
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Cotransport
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2 substances move in the same direction at the same time
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Countertransport
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1 substance moves in while another moves out
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive + Carrier mediated
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Carrier proteins transport molecules ...
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too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose, amino acids)
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Where does the molecule bind in the carrier molecule?
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receptor site
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what happens once the molecule is attahced to the receptor site?
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protein changes shape, molecules pass through
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T or F
receptor site is specific to certain molecules |
T
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Active transport proteins
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-move substrates against concentration gradient
- ATP -ion pumps -exchange pump |
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ion pumps
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move ions (Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+)
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exchange pump
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countertransports 2 ions at the same time
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Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
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Active transport/ mediated.
3 ions (Na+)out, 2 ions (K+) in |
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Secondary Active Transport
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Na and glucose
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Na+ concentration gradient drives
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glucose transport
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ATP energy pumps Na+ back out
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secondary active transport
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Vesicles transport
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endocytosis
exocytosis |
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endocytosis
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active transport using ATP:
receptor-mediated pinocytosis phagocytosis |
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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Receptors bind target molecules and
Coated vesicle carries ligands and receptors into the cell |
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Receptors
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(glycoproteins)
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function of glycoproteins
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bind target molecules
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ligand
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A molecule that binds to another molecule, particularly used to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger one. The antigen that binds to a specific antibody is an example of a ligand.
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Coated vesicle
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(endosome)
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function of the endosome?
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carries ligands and receptors into the cell
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Pinocytosis
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cell drinking
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Phagocytosis
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cell eating
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podia-
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feet
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phagosomes
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large objects that are engulfed by the cell though phagocytosis
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Mechanism: diffusion
(simple diffusion and channel mediated diffusion) |
Process: molecular mov of solids
direction determined by relative concentrations |
Substances involved: small inorganic ions
Lipid soluble materials |
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mech: Osmosis
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mov of water molecules towards solutions containing relatively higher solute concentrations
Requires selectively permeable membrane |
RaTe:
concentration gradient opposing osmotic or hydrostatic pressure number of aquaporins |
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aquaporins
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teins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water. They are "the plumbing system for cells.
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Transmembrane potential
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Unequal charge across the cell membrane is
Inside cell membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive |
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Resting potential ranges from
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10 mV to —100 mV, depending on cell type
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slower mitotic rate means ....
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longer cell life
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chemicals controling cell division
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M-phase promoting factor
Growth hormone |
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maturation promoting factor (m-phase promoting factor)
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forms within cytoplasm from cdc2 and cyclin
Triggers start of mitosis |
all divinding cells
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Growth hormone
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anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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stimulation of cell growth division and differenciation
all cells specially in epithelia and connective tissue |
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Prolactin
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anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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stimulation of cell growth, division and development
Gland and duct cells of mamary glands |
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NGF nerve growth factor
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salivary glands
stimulation of nerve cell repair and development |
neurons and neuroglia
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EGF - epidermal growth factor
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duodenal glands
stimulation of stem cell division and epithelial repair |
epidermis
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FGF- fibroblast growth factor
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division and diferentiation of fibroblasts
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connective tissues
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erythropoietin
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kidneys
stimulation of stem cell division and maturation of red blood cells |
Bone marrow
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thymosins and related compounds
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thymus
Stimulation of division and differentiations of lymphocytes (specially T cells) |
thymus and other lymphoid tissues and organs
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chalones
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inhibition of cell division
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cells in the inmediate area
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Increases cell division:
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internal factors (MPF)
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extracellular chemical factors (growth factors)
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Decreases cell division
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repressor genes (faulty repressors cause cancers)
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worn out telomeres (terminal DNA segments)
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hystology
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the study of tissues
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epithelial tissue
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Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways Forms glands |
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epithelia
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layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
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glands
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structures that produce secretions
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Characteristics of Epithelia
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1. Cellularity
2.Polarity 3.Attachment 4.avascularity 5.regeneration |
1.cell junctions, little matrix
2.apical and basal surfaces 3.basal lamina 5.high regenerative capacity |
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functions of epithelial tissue
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1. Provide physical protection
2. Control permeability 3.Provide sensation 4.Produce specialized secretions |
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glandular epithelium
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Produce specialized secretions
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the coordinated movement of the cilia on a_______________
moves materials across the epithelium surface |
ciliated epithelium
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intercellular connections
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Support and communication
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cell junctions
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cells can attach to other cells or to extracellular proteisn fibers by means of
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cell adhesion molecules
CAM |
or att specialized attachment sites ( cell junctions)
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intercellular cement
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proteoglycans
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large connections
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hyaluronan
(hyaluronic acid) |
glycosaminoglycans
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large connections
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cell junction
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Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material:
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tight junctions
gap junctions desmosomes |
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tigh junction
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Between membranes of 2 cells
Adhesion belt attaches to terminal web |
Prevents passage of water and solutes Isolates wastes in the lumen |
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lumen
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the central space within a duct or other internal passageway
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gap junction
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Allow rapid communications
by channel proteins |
Allow ions to pass
Coordinated contractions in heart muscle |
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channel proteins
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junctional proteins, connexons
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Desmosomes
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button desmosomes
(CAMs, dense areas, and intercellular cement) |
Ties cells together
Allow bending and twisting |
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hemidesmosomes
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Attachment to Basal Lamina
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Basal lamina
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lamina lucida
Lamina densa |
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Lamina lucida
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- thin layer
- secreted by epithelia - barrier to proteins |
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Lamina densa
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-thick fibers
-produced by connective tissue -strength and filtration |
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the inner surface of each epithelium is connected to....
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a 2 part basal lamina
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Epithelia are replaced by division of
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germinative cells (stem cells) -- Near basal lamina
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taxonomy of epithelia is based on.....
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Shape and layers at the apical surface
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apical
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At or pertaining to the tip (apex).
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has single layers of cells covering the basal lamina
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simple epithelium
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has several layers of cells covering the basal lamina
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stratified epithelium
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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@ - lining of ventral body cavities (mesothelia)
-lining heart and blood vessels (endothelia) -Portions of kidney tubules -inner lining of cornea -alveolar of lungs |
thin and flat cells
F - Reduce friction /crlt vessel permeability/perform absortion and secretion |
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Simple squamous epithelium
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absorption and diffusion
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Mesothelium:
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lines body cavities
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Endothelium
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lines heart and blood vessels
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium.. where?
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surface of skin
linning of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, annus and vagina |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium.. function?
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physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack
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Keratin proteins add strength and water resistance
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cells resemble hexagonal boxes
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cuboidal epithelium
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cells are taller and more slender in the
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columnar epithelium
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Where?
Glands, ducts, portion of kidney tubules, thyroid gland |
Functions -
Limited protection secretion absortion |
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stratified cuboidial epithelium
|
lining of some ducts (rare)
sweat gland ducts |
protection
secretion absortion |
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Simple cuboidal epithelium:
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secretion and absorption
|
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Stratified cuboidal epithelia:
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sweat and mammary ducts
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Transitional Epithelium
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urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
|
permits expansion and recoil after streching
|
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Simple columnar epithelium
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absorption and secretion
|
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
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cilia movement
|
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Stratified columnar epithelium:
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protection
|
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simple columnar epithelium
|
lining of stomach intestine and gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys
|
protection
Secretion Absortion |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
|
lining of nasal cavity, traquea and bronqui,portions of male reproductive track
|
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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small areas of of pharynx, epiglottis, annus, mammary glands, salivary glands, salivary gland ducts and urethra
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protection
|
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Endocrine Glands
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Release hormones
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into interstitial fluid
no ducts (ductless) |
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Exocrine Glands
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Produce secretions
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onto epithelial surfaces
- through ducts (multicellular |
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Modes of Secretion
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Merocrine secretion
Apocrine secretion Holocrine secretion |
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Merocrine secretion
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produced in Golgi apparatus -- released by vesicles (exocytosis) e.g., sweat glands
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Apocrine secretion
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produced in Golgi apparatus -- released by shedding cytoplasm
e.g., mammary gland |
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Holocrine secretion
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released by cells bursting, killing gland cells --- Gland cells replaced by stem cells e.g., sebaceous gland
|
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Types of Secretions
|
Serous glands
Mucous glands Mixed exocrine glands |
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Serous glands
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watery secretions
|
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Mucous glands
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secrete mucins
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Mixed exocrine glands
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both serous and mucous
|
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Unicellular Glands
|
scattered among epithelia
e.g., in intestinal lining |
Goblet cells
|
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only unicellular exocrine glands
|
Goblet cells
|
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Structure of Multicellular Exocrine Glands (MEG)
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simple tubular
simple coiled tubular simple branched tubular simple alveolar (acinar) simple branched alveolar |
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simple tubular gland
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intestinal glands
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simple coiled tubular
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merocrine sweat glands
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simple branched tubular
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gastric glands
Mucus glands of esophagus, tongue duodenum |
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acinar
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not in adults
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stage in development of simple branched glands
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simp branched alveolar
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sebaceous (oil) glands
|
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compound glands
|
tubular
alveolar tubuloalveolar |
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compound tubular gland
|
mucous glands in mouth
bulbourethral glands testes |
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compound alveolar gland (acinar)
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mammary glands
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compound tubuloalveolar gland
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salivary glands, respiratory passages, pancreas
|
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Connective Tissues
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Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
|
-Binds organs together
-Provide structure (bone, cartilage) |
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Connective Tissues
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-Store energy and insulation (fat)
-Transport materials (blood) |
-Provides immunity (wbc’s)
-Have no contact with environment (not freely on surface like epithelium) |
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Connective Tissues
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-From mesoderm
|
-Highly vascularized
|
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Characteristics of Connective Tissues
|
Solid extracellular protein fibers
Fluid extracellular ground substance |
Specialized cells
|
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The Matrix
|
The extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground substance):
|
majority of tissue volume
determines specialized function |
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Classification of Connective Tissues
|
Connective tissue proper
Fluid connective tissues Supportive connective tissues: |
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Connective tissue proper:
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connect and protect (Loose, Dense)
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Fluid connective tissues
|
Transport (Blood, Lymph)
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Supportive connective tissues
|
structural strength (Cartilage and Bone)
|
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Macrophages
|
Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system:
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Adipocytes
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fat cells
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Mesenchymal Cells
|
Stem cells that respond to injury or infection:
|
differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.
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Melanocytes
|
Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin
|
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Mast Cells
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Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection
|
release histamine and heparin
|
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are mast cells carried by blood
|
Basophils
|
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Lymphocytes
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Specialized immune cells in lymphatic system
|
e.g., plasma cells which produce antibodies
|
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Microphages
|
Phagocytic blood cells
|
respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells e.g., neutrophils and eosinophils
|
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Fibers in Connective Tissue Proper
|
collagen
reticular elastic |
|
|
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Collagen fibers (most common)
|
-long, straight, and unbranched
-strong and flexible -resists force in 1 direction |
e.g., tendons and ligaments
|
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Reticular fibers
e.g., sheaths around organs |
network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
stabilizes functional cells (parenchyma) and structures |
strong and flexible
resists force in many directions |
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(stroma)
|
network of interwoven fibers
|
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parenchyma
|
functional cells
|
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Elastic fibers ( elastin)
|
branched and wavy
return to original length after stretching |
elastic ligaments of vertebrae
|
|
|
the first connective tissue to appear in an embryo is
|
mesenchyme
|
embrionic conective tissue
|
|
|
is classified as loose connective tissue or dense connective tissue
|
connective tissue proper
|
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loose connective tissues are
|
mesenchyme and mucous connective tissues in embryo
areolar tissue adipose tissue (white and brown fat) reticular tissue |
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|
|
ground substance:
|
is clear, colorless, and viscous
fills spaces between cells and slows pathogens |
|
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Embryonic Connective Tissues
|
Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue |
|
|
|
Loose Connective Tissues
|
The packing materials of the body
|
areolar
adipose reticular |
|
|
Adipose Tissue
|
deep to the skin - @ sides, ass, breast,
|
|
|
|
adipose tissue functions
|
provides padding and cushions shock
insulates (reduce heat loss) stores energy reserves |
|
|
|
Types of Adipose Tissue
|
white and brown fat
|
|
|
|
White fat
|
most common
stores fat |
absorbs shocks
slows heat loss (insulation) |
|
|
Brown fat
|
more vascularized
adipocytes have many mitochondria |
breaks down fat
produces heat |
|
|
Adipose Cells (Adipocytes )
|
in adults do not divide
|
expand to store fat
shrink as fats are released |
|
|
Mesenchymal cells
|
divide and differentiate
|
to produce more fat cells
when more storage is needed |
|
|
Reticular Tissue (support)
|
liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
|
provides supporting framework
|
|
|
stroma
|
Supportive fibers
|
support functional cells (parenchyma)
|
|
|
Reticular organs
|
spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
|
|
|
|
Dense Connective Tissues
|
Connective tissues proper, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers:
|
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue elastic tissue |
|
|
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
|
Attachment and stabilization
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers: |
tendons
ligaments apenuroses |
|
|
tendons
|
attach muscles to bones
|
|
|
|
ligaments
|
connect bone to bone and stabilize organs
|
|
|
|
aponeuroses
|
attach in sheets on large, flat muscles
|
|
|
|
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
|
Strength in many directions
|
Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
|
|
|
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
|
-layered in skin
-around cartilages (perichondrium) |
-around bones (periosteum)
-form capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys) |
|
|
Perichondrium
|
around cartilage
|
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Periosteum
|
around bones
|
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|
|
Fluid connective tissues
|
-blood and lymph
-watery matrix of dissolved proteins |
-carry specific cell types (formed elements)
|
|
|
Supportive Connective Tissues
|
Support soft tissues and body weight
|
|
|
|
Types of Supportive Connective Tissues
|
cartilagen and bone
|
|
|
|
Carligage
|
gel-type ground substance
for shock absorption and protection |
|
|
|
bone
|
calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)
for weight support |
|
|
|
Cartilage Matrix
|
Proteoglycans (derived from chondroitin sulfates)
Ground substance proteins |
Cells (chondrocytes) surrounded by lacunae (chambers)
|
|
|
chondrocytes
|
chondros cartilage + kytos cell
|
only cells found in cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix
|
|
|
chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix are surrounded by
|
lacunae
|
chambers
|
|
|
T or F
Cartilage has No blood vessels |
T
|
|
|
|
chondrocytes produce
|
antiangiogenesis factor
|
|
|
|
Perichondrium
|
outer, fibrous layer (for strength)
|
inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)
|
|
|
cartilage growth
|
Interstitial growth
Appositional growth |
|
|
|
Types of Cartilage
|
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage |
|
|
|
Hyaline cartilage
|
translucent matrix
no prominent fibers |
|
|
|
Elastic cartilage
|
tightly packed elastic fibers
|
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
very dense collagen fibers
|
|
|
|
Reduces friction in joints
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
- stiff, flexible support - reduces friction between bones
-bones - found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea |
|
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
Flexible support
|
supportive but bends easily - found in external ear and epiglottis
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
Resists compression
|
-Limits movement
-Prevents bone-to-bone contact - Pads knee joints -Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs |
|
|
osseous tissue
|
Bone
|
strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits)
resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers |
|
|
chondrocytes in lacunae
|
cartilage
|
|
|
|
osteocytes in lacunae
|
bone
|
|
|
|
chondroiting sulfate in proteoglycan and water
|
ground substance of cartilage
|
|
|
|
a small volume of liquid surrounding insoluble crystals of calcium salts
|
ground substance in bone
|
|
|
|
collagen elastic and reticular fibers
|
fiber in cartilage
|
|
|
|
collagen fibers predominate in
|
bone fiber
|
|
|
|
vascularity of cartilage
|
none
|
|
|
|
vascularity of bone
|
extensive
|
|
|
|
cartilage covering
|
perichondrium ( 2 layers)
|
|
|
|
bone covering
|
periosteum
|
|
|
|
cartilage strength
|
limites
bend eassily but hard to break |
|
|
|
bone stregth
|
strong
|
|
|
|
oxigen demands od cartilage
|
low
|
|
|
|
oxigen demands of bone
|
high
|
|
|
|
nutrient delivery cartilage
|
by diffusion through matrix
|
|
|
|
Nutrient delivery bone
|
by diffusion through cytoplasm and fluid in canalculi
|
|
|
|
growth of cartilage
|
interstitial and apositional
|
|
|
|
growth of bone
|
appositional only
|
|
|
|
repair capability if cartilage
|
limited
|
|
|
|
repair capability of bone
|
extensive
|
|
|
|
membranes consist of
|
an epithelium
supported by connective tissues |
|
|
|
4 Types of Membranes
|
Mucous
Serous Cutaneous Synovial |
|
|
|
Mucous Membrane (mucosae):
|
line passageways that have external connections
also in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
|
|
|
Mucous Tissues
|
epithelial surfaces
Lamina propia |
|
|
|
Epithelial surfaces on mucous tissues
|
to reduce friction
to facilitate absorption and excretion |
|
|
|
Lamina propria of mucous tissue
|
is areolar tissue
|
|
|
|
Serous Membranes
|
Line cavities not open to the outside
Are thin but strong Have fluid transudate to reduce friction |
have a parietal portion covering the cavity
and a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs |
|
|
Cavities and Serous Membranes
|
Pleural membrane
Peritoneum: Pericardium: |
|
|
|
Pleural membrane
|
lines pleural cavities
covers lungs |
|
|
|
Peritoneum
|
lines peritoneal cavity
covers abdominal organs |
|
|
|
Pericardium
|
lines pericardial cavity
covers heart |
|
|
|
Cutaneous Membrane
|
is skin, surface of the body
thick, waterproof, and dry |
|
|
|
Synovial Membranes
|
Line articulating (moving) joint cavities
Produce synovial fluid (lubricant) Protect the ends of bones Lack a true epithelium |
|
|
|
synovium
|
with egg
|
synovial fluid in joints that have a cavity between the bearing surfaces is like egg white
|
|
|
Framework of the Body formed by
|
connective tissue
|
provide strength and stability
maintain positions of internal organs provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
|
|
the body’s framework of connective tissue
|
Fasciae
|
layers and wrappings that support or surround organs
|
|
|
3 Types of Fascia
|
superficial
subserous deep |
|
