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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which CN nuclei go through the Upper Midbrain (line)?
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3, 5s
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Which CN nuclei go through the Lower midbrain line?
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5s, 4
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Which CN nuclei go through the Upper Pons line?
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5s
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Which CN nuclei go through the middle pons line?
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5s, 5m
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Which CN nuclei go through the Lower pons line?
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5s, 6, 7, 8v
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Which CN nuclei go through the Upper Medulla line?
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5s, 8v, 8c, 9/10 (nucleus of the solitary tract)
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Which CN nuclei go through the middle medulla/lower medulla (sensory decussation)? (from midline to lateral)
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12, 10m, 9/10, 5s
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Which CN nuclei go through the lower medulla, motor decussation?
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5s
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The Hypoglossal nucleus contains alpha motor neurons (LMN) that innervate what?
What importantly, does it not innervate? |
XII: All intrinsic muscles of the tongue, the genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus
It does NOT innervate the palatoglossus which is innervated by CN X. |
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Where do axons of the Hypoglossus Nuclei exit?
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preolivary sulcus between the olive and the pyramid
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Which CN nuclei is located in the caudal medulla in both open and closed portions adjacent to the midline and also forms a trigone on the surface of the 4th ventricle?
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the Hypoglossal nuclei
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The Hypoglossal nuclei receives input from where?
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face region of the cerebral motor cortex via the corticobulbar pathway (the genioglossus muscle receives contralateral input)
Sensory fibers from the solitary and trigeminal nuclei (reflex movements of tongue in swallowing, chewing, and sucking) |
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What happens to the tongue if there is damage to the corticobulbar pathway (UPN)?
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the tongue protrudes to the contralateral side of the actual lesion site because the corticobulbar innervation to the nucleus is contralateral
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What forms the spinal accessory nucleus and where is it located?
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Motor neurons in C1-C5
located in lateral ventral gray matter |
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The axons of the spinal accessory nerve enter the posterior cranial fossa through what? and exit the fossa through what?
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enter through the foramen magnum
exit through the jugular foramen |
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what does the spinal accessory nerve innervate and what do these muscles do?
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sternocleidomastoid - causes head to turn to the opposite side
trapezius - helps shrug the shoulders |
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What does the spinal accessory nerve receive input from?
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corticospinal tract
(for the purpose of the course, these projections are contralateral) |
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What is the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve?
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some neurons in the caudal nucleus ambiguus that course w/ the accessory nerve as it leaves through the jugular foramen; after they pass thru they join the vagus nerve
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Damage to the spinal accessory nerve or nuclei causes what? (LMN)
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weakness or paralysis in the sternoclediomastoid and/or trapezius muscles
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Parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies of the Vagus nerve are located where?
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in the dorsal motor nucleus (forms vagal trigone) and in the nucleus ambiguus
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The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic control of what?
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thoracic and abdominal organs down to the splenic flexure in the GI tract.
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Most parasympathetic neurons to the heart originate where?
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nucleus ambiguus
others receive their innervation from the dorsal motor nucleus |
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The nucleus ambiguus contains cell bodies for special visceral efferent fibers that innervate what?
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pharyngeal muscles that control swallowing and speaking
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The Vagus contains somatic afferents that transmit pain, temperature, and touch from what parts of the body?
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larynx, pharynx, external ear, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, and meninges in post. cranial fossa
these cell bodies are located in the superior ganglion |
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What do the Vagus visceral afferents do?
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transmit taste from epiglottis and esophagus
transmit sensory info. from viscera including baroreceptor and chemoreceptor info. from the aortic arch these cell bodies are primarily located in the inferior ganglion |
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Why are there generally no obvious sensory deficits w/ unilateral vagal damage?
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b/c the vagus nerve can compensate, or the sensory zone is minor
visceral function is also generally normal since the other vagus nerve can compensate |
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Where does the nucleus ambiguus recieve input from and is it unilateral, contralateral, or bilateral?
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the input is bilateral except for the soft palate and uvula which receive only contralateral innervation
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What happens to the uvula in an UMN lesion?
LMN lesion? |
it deviates toward side of lesion
it deviates away from the lesion (this lesion can also cause hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and/or difficulty speaking) |
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What part of the tongue does the sensory component of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
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Posterior one-third: pain, temperature, touch,(superior/inferior ganglia),
taste (inferior ganglia) |
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Which CN innervates the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and the chemoreceptors in the carotid body?
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
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Axons from where course in CN IX to the otic ganglion & innervate the parotid gland?
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inferior salivatory nucleus
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Neurons in the nucleus ambiguus innervate what muscle? (CN IX) and what does this muscle do?
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stylopharyngeus - elevates the pharynx when speaking or swallowing (along w/ the muscles innervated by the vagus nerve)
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Damage to CN IX alone can cause what 2 (major) things?
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loss of the gag reflex
glossopharyngeal neuralgia - intense pain of areas w/ sensory innervation by CN IX (post. 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, middle ear, skin on back of ear....i.e. swallowing, coughing, talking) |
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What provides the sensory limb of the gag reflex?
the motor limb? |
sensory: SVE fibers of CN IX to pharynx and palate that terminate in nucleus of solitary tract
motor: GSE fibers to tongue (hypoglossus nucleus) and SVE fibers to pharynx and palate (nucleus ambiguus) |
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What kind of fibers make up the vestibulocochlear nerve?
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Special Somatic Afferent
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Where do peripheral branches of the primary sensory neurons innervating cochlear hair cells and central branches terminate?
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in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
cell bodies are located in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea |
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Where do the peripheral processes that innervate hair cells of the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear and the central processes terminate?
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the four vestibular nuclei in the upper medulla and lower pons
(superior, lateral, inferior, medial) |
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What forms the facial colliculus?
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The axons of cell bodies located in the facial nucleus course dorsally to loop over the abducens nucleus forming the internal genu of the facial nerve. This is seen as a bump on the floor of the fourth ventricle
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What does the motor root of the facial nerve innervate?
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muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, platysma, posterior belly of digastric, and stepedius
upper face muscles are innervated bilaterally where as lower face muscles are innervated contralaterally |
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What makes up the nervus intermedius?
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visceral efferent parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that originated in the superior salivatory nucleus (CN VII)
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Which nerve has fibers that branch from the nervus intermedius on their way to the pterygopalatine ganglion where they form synapses w/ parasympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate the lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the nasopharynx?
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greater petrosal nerve
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What nerve has fibers that branch from the nervus intermedius on their was to the submandibular ganglion where they form synapses with postsynaptic neurons that innervate the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands?
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chorda tympani nerve
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All sensory fibers of CN VII course in what?
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nervus intermedius
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For the visceral afferent part of the Greater Petrosal Nerve and Chorda tympani Nerve, where are these cell bodies located and where do they terminate?
What are the functions of the greater petrosal and chorda tympani |
cell bodies - geniculate ganglion
terminate in solitary nucleus GPN: taste input from palate CTN: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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What area does the Facial Nerve provide sensation for?
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small region around the external auditory meatus
cell bodies are located in geniculate ganglion and terminate in spinal trigeminal nucleus |
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What is Bell's Palsy?
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LMN damage to the facial nerve causing ipsilateral facial weakness/paralysis, loss of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, difficulties salivation, and abnormal sounds
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What is Central Seven or Supranuclear Facial palsy?
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UMN damage to the facial nerve causing contralateral lower facial paralysis; upper face is normal, pt can still respond to emotional stimuli
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Which nerve sends sensory (touch, pain, temp etc) information from the posterior 1/3 of tongue
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V3
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Where do large fibers of the trigeminal nerve terminate
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the main sensory nucleus (middle pons)
they are responsible for discriminitive touch |
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Where do small fibers of the trigeminal nerve terminate?
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spinal trigeminal nucleus
these fibers signal crude touch, pain, and temp. |
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Axons from the main sensory nucleus (CN V) project where?
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the ventroposterior medial nucleus of the thalamus via the ventral and dorsal trigeminothalamic tracts
ventral: contralateral dorsal: ipsilateral and contralateral |
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Which branch of the trigeminal nerve includes motor components to the muscles of mastication?
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V3
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What do you see in UMN lesion of the trigeminal motor nucleus?
LMN? |
UMN: the trigeminal motor nucleus receives bilateral input from the cerebral cortex, therefore these lesions typically produce no deficits in chewing
LMN: LMN signs, problems chewing, jaw will deviate toward the side of the lesion upon opening the mouth and lose sensation to the face |
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What does the abducens nerve do? (CN VI)
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innervates lateral rectus muscle which abducts the eye & also participates in conjugate gaze movements
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What happens in a LMN lesion to the abducens nerve?
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weakness/paralysis of ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle causing this eye to deviate medially (this causes strabismus and diplopia)
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Damage to the abducens nucleus produces what?
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ipsilateral horizontal gaze palsy
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What muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?
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the superior oblique muscle
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All axons of the trochlear nerve decussate where?
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right after the nerve leaves the brainstem
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What does a lesion to the internal course of the trochlear nerve cause?
external course? |
weakness/paralysis to the contralateral superior oblique muscle
weakness/paralysis to the ipsilateral muscle the eyeball extorts (rotates outward) due to the unopposed action of the inferior oblique muscle. This produces diplopia and downward gaze |
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Which nerve courses between the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries?
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the oculomotor nerve
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Why are there 5 columns of neurons that make up the oculomotor nucleus?
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each column innervates one muscle (4 eye muscles and the levator palpebrae superioris)
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What constitutes the "oculomotor opthalmoplegea"
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1. strabismus w/ consequent diplopia
2. ptosis 3. pupillar dialation |
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What nucleus contains the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the eye from CN III?
Where do these axons terminate? |
the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (part of the oculomotor nucleus)
These axons terminate in the ciliary ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons then course to the ciliary muscle to control accomodation and to the sphincter pupillae of the iris to regulate pupillary diameter |
