Nsg346 Exam 3

Front 1

action potential

Back 1

creating neural charges

Front 2

active infection

Back 2

phase that occurs when the primary infections can no longer be controlled. During this phase, tuberculosis can spread throughout the lungs and to other organs

Front 3

acute bronchitis

Back 3

an inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi, most commonly caused by a wide range of viruses; airways become inflamed and narrowed due to the results of the inflammatory process

Front 4

acute lung injury (ALI)

Back 4

a slightly less severe form of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Front 5

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Back 5

a sudden failure of the respiratory system often occurring from fluid accumulation in the alveoli, has many other names as well

Front 6

acute respiratory failure (ARF)

Back 6

a serious, life-threatening condition that can be the result of many pulmonary disorders; oxygen levels become dangerously low, or carbon dioxide levels become dangerously high; low oxygen levels are unable the meet the body's metabolic needs

Front 7

afterload

Back 7

the pressure that the left ventricle must exert to get the blood out of the heart and into the aorta. The higher this is, the harder it is for the heart to eject the blood, thus lowering stroke volume. Direction relationship with blood pressure

Front 8

AIDS dementia complex

Back 8

dementia that occurs in the later stages of AIDS. HIV invades the brain tissue and may be exacerbated by other infections and tumors that are frequently associated with AIDS

Front 9

aldosterone

Back 9

a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases blood volume by increasing the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys; sodium attracts water

Front 10

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

Back 10

the most common form of dementia; disease causes brain tissue to degenerate and atrophy

Front 11

anaphylactic shock

Back 11

type of distributive shock that is a consequence of an allergic reaction; leads to a cascade of events similar to that of septic shock, except mediators differ

Front 12

aneurysm

Back 12

condition in the walls of an artery caused by high pressures, plaque, and infections; walls weaken and balloon outward

Front 13

angina

Back 13

chest pain with a cardiac origin

Front 14

antidiuretic hormone

Back 14

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys; which in turn increases blood volume and pressure. Also is a vasoconstrictor

Front 15

apnea

Back 15

cessation of breathing

Front 16

arachnoid layer

Back 16

the middle layer of the meninges, named for its spider web-like vascular system

Front 17

arrhythmia

Back 17

deviations from normal electrical conduction in the heart

Front 18

aspiration pneumonia

Back 18

type of pneumonia that frequently occurs when the gag reflex is impaired because of a brian injury or anesthesia; can also occur because of impaired lower esophagela sphincter closure secondary to nasogastric tube placement or disease

Front 19

asthma

Back 19

a chronic pulmonary disease that produces intermittent, reversible airway obstruction. characterized by acute airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, bronchiole edema, and mucus production; most common chronic illness in children

Front 20

atelectasis

Back 20

incomplete alveolar expansion or collapse of the alveoli that occurs when the walls of the alveoli stick together

Front 21

atherosclerosis

Back 21

a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. Lesions composed of lipid develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time.

Front 22

atresia

Back 22

a condition in which a body passage is closed or missing; includes lack of the valve opening in the heart to allow blood flow

Front 23

aura

Back 23

an unusal sensation that occurs just prior to an impending seizure; common in complex focal seizures

Front 24

automaticity

Back 24

a process whereby cardiac cells generate an impulse to contract even with no external nerve stimulus

Front 25

automatism

Back 25

strange, repetitive behavior exhibited by a person having a complex focal seizure

Front 26

autonomic hyperreflexia

Back 26

a massive sympathetic response that can cause hypertension, headaches, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death; most commonly associated with spinal cord injuries above the 6th thoracic vertebrae

Front 27

autoregulation

Back 27

a mechanism to maintain tissue perfusion in which the blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow and constrict if the ICP in increased

Front 28

bacterial pneumonia

Back 28

a form of pneumonia that is more severe than viral pneumonia and can result from viral pneumonia

Front 29

basilar skull fracture

Back 29

a skull fracture located at the base of the skull and usually accompanied by CSF leakage

Front 30

blue bloaters

Back 30

nickname give to those patients with chronic bronchitis, who are unable to increase ventilatory effort to maintain adequate gas exchange. Eventually develop cyanosis and edema

Front 31

bronchiolitis

Back 31

a common viral infection of the bronchioles most frequently caused by the respiratory synctial virus; most often occurs in children younger than 1 year and incidence increases in the fall and winter months

Front 32

bronchopneumonia

Back 32

the most frequent type of pneumonia. Is generally patchy pneumonia throughout several lobes

Front 33

cardiac outpu

Back 33

the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute; determined by stroke volume and heart rate

Front 34

cardiac tamponade

Back 34

condition that results when fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity to the point that it compresses the heart; prevents the heart from filling during diastole, resulting in decreased cardiac output

Front 35

cardiogenic shock

Back 35

type of shock in which the left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output; compensatory mechanisms of heart failure are triggered; however, these mechanisms increase cardiac workload and oxygen consumption, resulting in decreased contractility. Tissue and organ perfusion decrease, leading to multisystem organ failure

Front 36

cardiomyopathy

Back 36

a group of conditions affecting the myocardium; classified into 3 groups: dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive

Front 37

cerebral aneurysm

Back 37

a localized outpouching of a cerebral artery; weakining of the artery may occur as a congenital defect or develop later in life

Front 38

cerebral contusion

Back 38

a bruising of the brain with rupture of small blood vessels and edema; usually results from a blunt blow to the head that causes the brain to make a sudden impact with the skull

Front 39

cerebral palsy (CP)

Back 39

a group of non-progressive disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect motor movement and muscle coordination; other cerebral functioning may also be affected

Front 40

cerebral vascular accident (CVA) stroke

Back 40

an interruption of cerebral blood supply. An infarction of the brain, so it is often referred to as brain attack or stroke

Front 41

chorea

Back 41

uncontrolled, rapid, jerky movements

Front 42

chronic bronchitis

Back 42

an obstructive respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production; differes from acute form in that thistype is not necessarily caused by an infection, and symptoms persist longer

Front 43

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

Back 43

a group of chronic respiratory disorders characterized by irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction

Front 44

chronotropic

Back 44

the rate of contraction

Front 45

comminuted skull fracture

Back 45

a skull fracture characterized by several fracture lines

Front 46

communicating hydrocephalus

Back 46

cerebrospinal accumulation that occurs when fluid is not properly absorbed by the bloodstream

Front 47

community-acquired pneumonia

Back 47

pneumonia that is acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting

Front 48

compound skull fracture

Back 48

a skull fracture where brain tissue is exposed

Front 49

concussion

Back 49

a momentary interruption of brain function

Front 50

constrictive pericarditis

Back 50

condition that results from chronic inflammation of the pericardium. becomes thick and fibrous and adheres to the heart. loss of elasticity restricts cardiac filling, which causes systemic congestion and decreases cardiac output

Front 51

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back 51

disease that occurs when atherosclerosis develops in the arteries supplying the heart; blood flow temporarily diminishes in the coronary arteries, causing subsequent oxygen reduction to the cardiac muscle

Front 52

countrecoup

Back 52

the second area of damage in a TBI. Where the brain rebounds and impacts the opposite side of the skull

Front 53

coup

Back 53

the initial area that the brain impacts in the skull in a
TBI

Front 54

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Back 54

a rare, but rapidly progressive form of dementia caused by an infectious prion

Front 55

Cushing's reflex

Back 55

a mechanism to maintain tissue fusion in which a complex cascade of events results in increased blood pressure

Front 56

Cushing's Triad

Back 56

increased blood pressure, bradycardia and changes in respiratory pattern that result from unresolved vasoconstriction, increased cardiac contractilit, and increased cardiac output

Front 57

cystic fibrosis

Back 57

a common inherited respiratory disorder that presents at birth. life-threatening condition that causes severe lung damage and nutrition deficits

Front 58

dementia

Back 58

a group of conditions in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive skills and motor coordination. issues with memory are common

Front 59

depressed skull fracture

Back 59

a skull fracture in which bone fragments are displaced into the brain

Front 60

dermatome

Back 60

the area of skin innervated by a give pair of spinal sensory nerves.

Front 61

diastole

Back 61

the bottom number in a blood pressure reading; which indicates rest or relaxation by the ventricles

Front 62

diastolic dysfunction (heart failure)

Back 62

type of heart failure characterized by decreased ventricular filling resulting from abnormal myocardial relaxation and increased left ventricular pressure. caused by conditions that stiffen the myocardium, such as CAD, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy, and pericardial disease

Front 63

dilated cardiomyopathy

Back 63

type of cardiomyopathy that affects systolic function; most common type

Front 64

dissecting aneurysm

Back 64

a false aneurysm in which weakening occurs in the inner layers of a blood vessel

Front 65

distributive shock

Back 65

type of shock in which vasodilation causes hypovolemia

Front 66

dromotropic

Back 66

the rate of electrical conduction

Front 67

drug-induced asthma

Back 67

a type of asthma that is frequently caused by aspirin and can be fatal

Front 68

dura mater

Back 68

the tough outer layer of the CNS

Front 69

dyslipidemia

Back 69

an increased level of lipids in the blood. include cholesterol and triglycerides, which are necessary for cellular membrane formation

Front 70

dyspnea

Back 70

difficulty breathing

Front 71

dysrhythmia

Back 71

deviations from the normal electrical conduction in the heart

Front 72

eclampsia

Back 72

an acute and life-threatening complication of pregnancy, characterized by tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), usually occuring in a patient who had developed preeclampsia

Front 73

embolus

Back 73

a portion or all of a thrombus that breaks loose and travels through the circulatory system until it embeds in a smaller vessel.

Front 74

emphysema

Back 74

an obstructive respiratory disorder that results in destruction of the alveolar walls leading to large, permanently inflated alveoli

Front 75

encephalitis

Back 75

an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually resulting from an infection

Front 76

epidural hematoma

Back 76

hematoma that results from bleeding between the dura and the skull, usually caused by an arterial tear, and has sudden onset of manifestations

Front 77

epilepsy

Back 77

a disorder that results from spontaneous firing of abnormal neurons; it is characterized by recurrent seizures for which there is no underlying or correctable cause

Front 78

essential hypertension

Back 78

type of hypertension in which there is no identifiable cause, which occurs in 90-95% of hypertension cases in adults; develops gradually over time for many years;

Front 79

excitability

Back 79

the ability of the cells to respond to electrical impulses

Front 80

exercise-induced asthma

Back 80

common type of asthma that usually occurs 10-15 minutes after activity ends; symptoms can linger for an hour with this disorder

Front 81

expiratory reserve volume

Back 81

the amount of air beyond tidal volume that can be exhaled forcefully, which is beyond the normal passive exhalation

Front 82

exsanguination

Back 82

the spilling of blood out of the circulatory system as the result of a ruptured aneurysm

Front 83

extrinsic asthma

Back 83

a condition caused by increased IgE synthesis and airway inflammation, resulting in mast cell destruction and inflammatory mediator release; presents in childhood or adolescence

Front 84

fatty streaks

Back 84

early stages of atherosclerosis; made up of macrophages, and cholesterol accumulates within the macrophages

Front 85

fibrous plaque

Back 85

lesions of atherosclerosis; a pearly, white area within an artery that causes the intimal surface to bulge into the lumen; composed of lipids, cell debris, smooth muscle cells, collagen and in older populations, calcium

Front 86

focal seizure

Back 86

one of two categories of seizures; it occurs in just one part of the brain; also called partial seizure

Front 87

forced expiratory volume

Back 87

the amount of air than can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation

Front 88

forced vital capacity

Back 88

the amount of air than can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a forced inspiration

Front 89

fusiform aneurysm

Back 89

an aneurysm that occurs around the entire circumference of a blood vessel

Front 90

generalized seizure

Back 90

a seizure that results from abnormal neuronal activity on both sides of the brain. May cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle spasms

Front 91

halitosis

Back 91

bad breath

Front 92

heart failure

Back 92

a condition in which the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet metabolic needs; leads to decreased cardiac output, increased preload, and increased afterload. Results in decreased contractility and stroke volume

Front 93

hematoma

Back 93

a collection of blood in the tissue that develops from ruptured blood vessels; can develop immediately or slowly; classified by their location

Front 94

hemorrhagic stroke

Back 94

the most deadly kin of stroke; occurs when blood vessels rupture inside the brain

Front 95

brain herniation

Back 95

the displacement of brain tissue due to ICP

Front 96

Huntington's Disease

Back 96

a condition caused by a genetically programmed degeneration of neurons in the brain; autosomal dominant disorder involving a defect on chromosome 4

Front 97

hydrocephalus

Back 97

a condition in which excess CSF accumulates within the skull, which dilates the ventricles and compresses the brain and blood vessel. Thins the cortex, causing severe brain damage

Front 98

hypertension

Back 98

a prolonged elevation in blood pressure

Front 99

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Back 99

type of cardiomyopathy that mainly affects diastolic function

Front 100

hypovolemic shock

Back 100

type of shock in which venous return declines because of external blood volume losses; preload drops, decreasing ventricular filling, and stroke volume

Front 101

Increased intracrainal pressure (ICP)

Back 101

increased volume in the limited space of the cranial cavity; may occur because of a TBI or because of other conditions that would increase the volume in the skull

Front 102

infarction

Back 102

permanent damage to tissue

Front 103

infectious rhinitis

Back 103

the common cold, a viral URI. The most frequent culprit is the rhinovirus, but it can be caused by many viruses

Front 104

infective endocarditis

Back 104

an infection of the endocardium

Front 105

influenza

Back 105

a viral infection that may affect the upper and lower respiratory tract. Highly adaptive virus that constantly mutates, preventing the development of any long term immune defense

Front 106

inotropic

Back 106

the strength of contraction

Front 107

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 107

the amount of air beyond the tidal volume that can be taken in with the deepest inhalation

Front 108

interstitial pneumonia

Back 108

a type of pneumonia that occurs in the areas between the alveoli; routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria

Front 109

intracerebral hematoma

Back 109

a hematoma that results from bleeding in the brain tissue; caused by contusion or shearing injuries but can also result from hypertension, CVAs, aneurysms, or vascular abnormalities

Front 110

intrinsic asthma

Back 110

type of asthma that usually presents after age 35 and is not an allergic reaction; triggers include URI, air pollution, emotional stress, smoking, exercise, and cold exposure

Front 111

ischemic stroke

Back 111

the most common type of stroke; caused by an interruption in blood flow, often resulting from a thrombus or emboli

Front 112

lacrimation

Back 112

tearing of the eyes

Front 113

laryngitis

Back 113

an inflammation of the larynx that is usually a result of infection, increase upper respiratory exudate, or overuse. vocal chords become irritated and edematous because of the inflammatory response

Front 114

laryngotracheobronchitis

Back 114

a common viral infection in children - years of age; usually begins as an URI with nasal congestion and cough; larynx and surrounding areas swell, leading to ariway narrowing and obstruction. Can lead to respiratory failure

Front 115

left-sided heart failure

Back 115

type of heart failure that results from ineffective left ventricular contractility; as cardiac output falls, blood that is not being pumped out into the body backs up first in the left atrium and then in pulmonary circulation

Front 116

Legionnaire's disease

Back 116

a specific type of pneumonia that is caused by Legionella pneumophilia. This bacteria thrives in AC systems, and SPAs; not contagious

Front 117

linear skull fracture

Back 117

a simple crack in the skull

Front 118

lobar pneumonia

Back 118

type of pneumonia that is confined to a single lobe in the lung and is described by that affected lobe

Front 119

lung cancer

Back 119

3rd most common neoplasm, which can arise as either a primary or secondary tumor and is found in the lugns

Front 120

lymphedema

Back 120

swelling, usually in the arms and/or legs, because of lymph obstruction. can occur on its own or as a result of another disease or condition

Front 121

malignant hypertension

Back 121

an intensified form of hypertension that may not respond well to treatment efforst

Front 122

meningitis

Back 122

an inflammation of the meninges, usually resulting from an infection

Front 123

meningocele

Back 123

a rare form of spina bifida that involves a bony defect, but where the meninges protrude through the vertebral opening

Front 124

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

Back 124

an emerging illness caused by a coronavirus family. currently isolated to 4 countries in the arabian peninsula

Front 125

Minute Respiratory Volume

Back 125

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute; determined by the tidal volume multiplied by the RPM

Front 126

mixed dysfunction

Back 126

a categorization of heart failure that is a combination of systolic and diastolic dysfunction

Front 127

Monro-Kellie hypothesis

Back 127

a supposition that states the cranial cavity cannot be compressed, and the tidal volume inside the cavity is fixed. The skull and its components create a state volume of one component must be compensated by a decrease in volume of another

Front 128

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 128

a debilitating autoimmune condition that involves a progressive and irreversible demyelination of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerve neurons. damage occurs in diffuse pathces throughout the nervous system and slows or stops nerve impulses

Front 129

myasthenia gravis

Back 129

an autoimmune condition in which acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed by IgG autoantibodies, leading to a disruption of normal communication between the nerve and muscle at the neuromuscular junction

Front 130

myasthenic gravis

Back 130

a potentially life-threatening complication of myasthenia gravis that occurs when the muscles become too weak to maintain adequate ventilation

Front 131

mycoplasma pneumoniae

Back 131

a common type of pneumonia that usually affects people younger than 40 years of age

Front 132

myelomeningocele

Back 132

the most severe form of spina bifida. In this form, the spinal canal remains open along several vertebrae in the lower of middle back

Front 133

myocardial infarction (MI) / heart attack

Back 133

death of the myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary artery blood flow.

Front 134

myocarditis

Back 134

an inflammation of the myocardium

Front 135

neurogenic shock

Back 135

type of distributive shock in which a loss of sympathetic tone in vascular smooth muscle and autonomic function lead to massive vasodilation; blood pools in the venous system, leading to decreased venous return, cardioac output, and hypotension

Front 136

nocturnal asthma

Back 136

type of asthma that usually occurs between 3am and 7am and is though to be related to circadian rhythms; at night, cortisol and ephinephrin levels decrease, while histamine levels increase

Front 137

non-communicating hydrocephalus

Back 137

type of hydrocephalus that occurs when the CSF flow is disrupted of not properly absorbed by the bloodstrem; also called obstructive

Front 138

non-small-cell carcinoma

Back 138

an aggressive type of lung cancer; the most common type of malignant lung cancer

Front 139

nasocomial pneumoina

Back 139

pneumoinia that develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission

Front 140

occupational asthma

Back 140

type of asthma that is caused by a severe reaction to substances encountered at work; symptoms develop over time; worsening with each exposure and improving when one is away form work

Front 141

paralysis

Back 141

a lack of voluntary use of the affected limbs

Front 142

paraplegia

Back 142

loss of lower extremity functioning

Front 143

Parkinson's disease

Back 143

a progressive condition involving the destruction of the substanti nigra in the brian; results in a lack of dopamine, a chemical messenger that allows smooth coordinated muscle movement

Front 144

pericardial effusion

Back 144

fluid accumulation between the pericardium and the heart

Front 145

pericarditis

Back 145

an inflammation of the pericardijm; fluid may be serous, purulent, serosanguineous, or hemorrhagic; as the tissue becomes inflamed, the swollen tissue rubs together, creating friction

Front 146

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Back 146

the force opposing the blood in the peripheral circulation. Increases as the diameter and elasticity of the blood vessels decrease

Front 147

pink puffer

Back 147

nickname given to patients with emphysema, who often hyperventilate, giving a pink appearance to their skin

Front 148

pleural effusion

Back 148

the accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity that can compress the lungs and limit their expansion during inhalation

Front 149

pleurisy

Back 149

inflammation of the pleural membranes, which leads to swollen and irregular tissue. Often associated with pneumonia and creates friciton in the pleural membranes

Front 150

pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

Back 150

a specific type of pneumonia that is caused by a yeast-like fungus. Occurs as an opportunistic infection and can be fatal to immunocompromised invidividuals

Front 151

pneumonia

Back 151

an inflammatory process caused by numerous infectious agents; streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for 75% of all cases

Front 152

pneumothorax

Back 152

air in the pleural cavity. presence of atmospheric air in the pleural cavity and the separation to pleural membranes can lead to atelectasis

Front 153

postictal period

Back 153

the time period following a generalized seizure, during which the individual may be confused, be fatigued, and fall into a deep sleep

Front 154

preload

Back 154

the amount of blood returning to the heart, which the heart has to manage, direct correlation to blood pressure

Front 155

primary hypertension

Back 155

high blood pressure in which there is no identifiable cause

Front 156

primary TB infection

Back 156

1 of 2 stages of tuberculosis pathogenesis. In this stage, infection occurs when the bacillus first enters the body

Front 157

prion

Back 157

an abnormal protein particle that causes proteins to fold abnormally, especially in nervous tissue

Front 158

progressive stage

Back 158

state of shock that begins when the compensatory mechanisms fail to maintain cardiac output. tissues become hypoxic, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid builds up, and metabolic acidosis develops

Front 159

quadriplegia

Back 159

loss of all or most function of all four libms; also known as tetraplegia

Front 160

Raynaud's disease

Back 160

a condition that is a result of vasospasms of arteries -- most often of the hands -- that occurs because of sypmathetic stimulation

Front 161

repolarization

Back 161

the recovery of the ventricles, represented by T waves

Front 162

residual volume

Back 162

volume of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Front 163

resting potential

Back 163

a slight charge that the plasma side of the neuron membrane has at rest because of the sodium ions concentrated on the outside of the cell

Front 164

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Back 164

type of cardiomyopathy that is chracterized by rigidity of the ventricles leading to diastolic dysfunction

Front 165

reticular activation system

Back 165

specialized nerve fibers through which the reticular formation send impulses to the cerebral cortex.

Front 166

right-sided heart failure

Back 166

type of heart failure that results from an ineffective right ventricular contractility. As a resul, blood does not move appropriately out of the right ventricle

Front 167

saccular aneurysm

Back 167

a bulge on the side of the blood vessel

Front 168

secondary hypertension

Back 168

type of high blood pressure that tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than the type with no known cause

Front 169

secondary TB infection

Back 169

a condition that occurs when the primary TB infectino can no longer be controlled, such that

TB spreads throughout the lungs and other organs

Front 170

seizure

Back 170

a transient physical behavior alteration that results from an abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Front 171

septic shock

Back 171

type of distributive shock in which a bacterium's endotoxins activate an immune reaction; inflammatory mediators are triggered, increasing capillary permeability and fluid shifts from the vascular component to the tissue; falling cardiac output leads to multiply system failure

Front 172

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Back 172

a rapidly spreading respiratory illness that presents similarly to atypical pneumonia. prevalence rates are higher in asian countries; caused by a coronavirus; transmission occurs through inhalation of respiratory droplets, close contact, or oral-fecal contact. high mortality and morbidity rates

Front 173

shock

Back 173

a clinical syndrome resulting from inadequate tissue and organ perfusion because of decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation

Front 174

sinusitis

Back 174

an inflammation of the sinus cavities, most often caused by a viral infection

Front 175

small-cell-carcinoma

Back 175

a type of lung cancer that occurs almost exclusively in heavy smokers and is less frequent than non-small-cell carcinoma.

Front 176

spina bifida

Back 176

a neural tube defect that can vary in severity from mild to debilitating. posterior spinous processes on the vertebra fail to fuse. this opening permits herniation of the meninges

Front 177

spina bifida occulta

Back 177

the mildest form of spina bifida; results in a small gap in one or more of the vertebrae. usually, there is no herniation, so individuals are asymptomatic

Front 178

spinal cord injury (SCI)

Back 178

injury that occurs directly to the spinal cord or indirectly surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels

Front 179

spinal shock

Back 179

a temporary suppression of neurologic function because of spinal cord compression, functioning gradually returns

Front 180

spontaneous pneumothorax

Back 180

type of pneumothorax that develops when air enters the pleural cavity froman opening in the internal pathwya

Front 181

stable angina

Back 181

type of cardiac chest pain that is a result of ischemia that is initiated by increased demand and relieved with the reduction of that demand

Front 182

status asthmaticus

Back 182

a life-threatening, prolonged, asthma attack that does not respond to usual treatment

Front 183

status epilepticus

Back 183

seizures that last longer than 20 minutes or subsequent seizures that occur before the individual has fully regained consciousness from previous seizures

Front 184

stenosis

Back 184

a narrowing of a tubular structure, such as the heart valves

Front 185

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Back 185

a temporary episode of cerebral ischemia that results in symptoms of neurologic deficits. defecits usually resolve within an hour, but can last up to 24 hours

Front 186

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Back 186

injury that is usually caused by a sudden and violent blow or jolt to the head, or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal brain fuction

Front 187

traumatic

pneumothorax

Back 187

type of pneumothorax that is caused by any blunt of penetrating injury to the chest

Front 188

unstable angina

Back 188

a change in cardiac chest pain; the pain becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency or intensity; considered a preinfarction state

Front 189

varicose vein

Back 189

a dilated, tortuous engorged vein that develops because of improper venous valve function; most common location is the legs, but varicose veins can be found in the esophagus and the rectum

Front 190

VQ ratio

Back 190

a measurement used to assess the efficacy and adequacy of ventilation and perfusion of the lungs

Front 191

viral pneumonia

Back 191

a form of pneumonia that is usually mild and heals without intervention, but that can lead to a virulent bacterial pneumonia

Front 192

vital capacity

Back 192

the sum of the tidal volume and reserve in the lungs

Front 193

acute coronary syndrome

Back 193

a group of conditions due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies

Front 194

acute rhinitis

Back 194

acute inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes followed by nasal dysfunction; aslo know as the common cold

Front 195

amnesia

Back 195

partial or total memory loss

Front 196

analgesics

Back 196

medications used to relieve pain

Front 197

anergy

Back 197

absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen

Front 198

angiogram

Back 198

an x-ray photograph of lymph or blood vessels

Front 199

angiotensin II

Back 199

a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure

Front 200

antipyretics

Back 200

medications used to reduce fever

Front 201

antivirals

Back 201

medications that may shorten the duration or prevent viral infections

Front 202

aphasia

Back 202

a language disorder that affects an individuals ability to communicate

Front 203

aqueduct of Sylvius

Back 203

structure within the brainstem that connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th

Front 204

arteriosclerosis

Back 204

the build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls

Front 205

ascites

Back 205

fluid that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity

Front 206

asucultation

Back 206

the action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope, as part of a medical diagnosis

Front 207

brain herniation

Back 207

diosrder that occurs when something inside the skull produces pressure that moves brain tissues

Front 208

bronchodilators

Back 208

a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lugns

Front 209

Burr hol

Back 209

a small hole that is drilled into the skull where a tube is inserted through the hole to help drain a hematoma

Front 210

cardiac marker

Back 210

biomarkers used to evaluate heart function

Front 211

carotid endarenectomy

Back 211

a surgical proceudre to open or clean the carotid artery with the goal of stroke prevention

Front 212

cerebral embolism

Back 212

occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked by a blood clot traveling in the blood stream

Front 213

cerebral hemorrhage

Back 213

occurs when loss of blood flow to the brain occurs, because of a rupture of a blood vessel

Front 214

cerebral thrombus

Back 214

occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked by a blood clot that is formed in the brain

Front 215

compartment syndrome

Back 215

occurs when excessive pressure builds up in an enclosed space in the body

Front 216

consolidation

Back 216

occurs in the lungs when fluid builds up in the alveoli, leaving them unable to function

Front 217

consumption

Back 217

common name for tuberculosis

Front 218

contusion

Back 218

a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured

Front 219

crackles

Back 219

lungs sounds also known as rales

Front 220

craniotomy

Back 220

surgical opening of the skull

Front 221

Cushing's Triad

Back 221

increased bloo pressure, bradycardia, and changes in respiratory pattern that results from unresolved vasoconstriction, increased cardiac contractility, and increased cardiac output

Front 222

dependent edema

Back 222

edema that present peripherally depending on the positioning of the patient

Front 223

diplopia

Back 223

double vision

Front 224

dysphagia

Back 224

difficulty swallowing

Front 225

erythema

Back 225

redness

Front 226

dyspnea

Back 226

difficulty breathing

Front 227

ablation

Back 227

surgical removal of body tissue

Front 228

absence (petit mal) seizure

Back 228

a seizure that involves a brief, sudden lapse in attention

Front 229

acute rhinitis

Back 229

acute inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane followed by nasal dysfunction

Front 230

allergic rhinitis / hay fever

Back 230

an allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing , and other similar symptoms

Front 231

amyloid plaques

Back 231

sticky buildup which accumulates outside of neurons

Front 232

amyloidosis

Back 232

the buildup of amyloid proteins in heart, kidneys, liver or other organs

Front 233

ataxia

Back 233

loss of full control of voluntary movements

Front 234

beta-amyloid peptide

Back 234

peptides crucially involved in AD as the main component of amyloid plaques found in the brain

Front 235

bradykinesia

Back 235

slowed movements

Front 236

bronchiectasis

Back 236

a condition in which the lungs' airway becomes damaged, making it hard to clear mucus

Front 237

carotid endarterectomy

Back 237

a surgical procedure used to reduce the risk of stroke, by correcting stenosis in the common or internal carotid artery

Front 238

Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

Back 238

an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing

Front 239

cor pulmonale

Back 239

abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels

Front 240

decubitus ulcers

Back 240

bed sores

Front 241

diaphoresis

Back 241

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease

Front 242

dysarthria

Back 242

difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal

Front 243

dyskinesia

Back 243

abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement

Front 244

exudates

Back 244

a mass of cells and fliud that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation

Front 245

Ghon complex

Back 245

a lesion seen in the lung that is caused by tuberculosis. The lesions consist of a calcified focus of infection and an associated lymph node

Front 246

Glasgow Coma Scale

Back 246

the most common scoring system used to descibe the level of consciousness in a person following a TBI

Front 247

granulomatous inflammatory response

Back 247

a special type of chronic inflammation characterized by often focal collections of macrophages, epithelioid cels and multinucleated giant cells

Front 248

hematuria

Back 248

blood in the urine

Front 249

hemochromatosis

Back 249

too much iron in the body

Front 250

hemoptysis

Back 250

coughing up of blood

Front 251

hypercapnia

Back 251

excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration

Front 252

hyperreflexia

Back 252

an abnormal, overreaction of autonomic nervous system to stimulation

Front 253

metabolic syndrome

Back 253

cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

Front 254

mucolytics

Back 254

a class of drugs which aid in the clearance of mucus from the airways, lungs, bronchi, and trachea

Front 255

myalgia

Back 255

muscle pain

Front 256

neurofibrillary tangles

Back 256

aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as primary marker of Alzheimer's disease

Front 257

opisthotorios

Back 257

spasm of the muscles causing backward arching of the head, neck, and spine

Front 258

orthopnea

Back 258

shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat

Front 259

orthostatic hypotension

Back 259

a medical condition of a sudden decrease in blood pressure when a person stands up

Front 260

Osler's nodes

Back 260

painful, red, raised lesions found on the hands and feet

Front 261

papilledema

Back 261

a condition in which increased pressure in or around the brain causes part of the optic nerve inside the eye to swell.

Front 262

petechia

Back 262

a small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin

Front 263

photophobia

Back 263

extreme sensitivity to light

Front 264

pleural rub

Back 264

an audible medical sign present in some patients with pleurisy and other conditions affecting the chest cavity. It is noted by listening to the internal sounds of the body

Front 265

polycythemia

Back 265

an abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin

Front 266

posturing

Back 266

an involuntary flexion or extension or the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury

Front 267

ptosis

Back 267

a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid

Front 268

purulent

Back 268

consisting of, containing, or discharging pus

Front 269

rales

Back 269

an abnormal rattlingh sound heard when examining unhealthy lungs with a stethoscope

Front 270

rheumatic fever / rheumatic heart disease

Back 270

a disease that can result from inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever

Front 271

rhinitis

Back 271

irritation and swelling of the mucous membrane in the nose

Front 272

rhinovirus

Back 272

the most common viral infectious agents in humans and are the predominant cause of the common cold

Front 273

rhonchi

Back 273

continuous, low pitched, rattling lung sounds that often resemble snoring.

Front 274

sarcoidosis

Back 274

the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells in different parts of the body

Front 275

scrofula

Back 275

a disease with glandular swellings, probably a form of tuberculosis

Front 276

splinter hemorrhage

Back 276

tiny blood clots that tend to run vertically under the nails

Front 277

wheezes

Back 277

breath with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages

Front 278

Virchow's triad

Back 278

describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis. Hypercoagulability. Hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence) Endothelial injury/dysfunction.