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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the primary body fluid?
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WATER
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What do body fluids do?
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transport nutrients, facilitates cellular metabolism and chemical fxn, acts as a solvent for electrolytes, maintains body temp, aids digestion, and acts as a tissue lubricant
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Two body fluid compartments
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Intracellular and Extracellular
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Intracellular
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-within the cell
-40% of adult body weight |
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Extracellular
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-outside the cell
-20% of adult body weight -includes intravascular fluid (plasma) and interstitial fluid ( around tissues) |
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Body water is affected primarily by what?
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lean muscle mass. lean mass is high in water content and fat has low water content. More lean mass and less fat= higher water content.
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How much do was intake a day?
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~2500/day
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Osmosis
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movement of water/solvent from area of low solute to high solute concentration.
-water wants to dilute! (goes where there are more things to dilute) |
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Diffusion
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movement of solute (substance to be dissolved) from area of high to low concentration.
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Filtration
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movement of fluid and solutes together from higher to lower hydrostatic pressure.
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Active transport
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use of energy from metabolism to move solute from area of lower to higher concentration.
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is made by what and is triggered by what?
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-made by the hypothalamus
-triggered by dec. BP, inc. serum osmolality, and thirst |
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ADH overall rxn
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ADH---kidney reabsorbs more water---inc. vascular vol. and dec urine output
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Aldosterone is made by what and is triggered by what?
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-made by the adrenal glad
-triggered by dec. BP, dec. NA+, and inc. serum K+ |
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Aldosterone overall rxn
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Aldosterone---kidneys retain Na+, excrete K+---inc. serum Na+ and inc. vascular vol.
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Isotonic solutions
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have the same osmolarity
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Hypertonic solutions
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-have greater osmolarity causing the water to shift from cells to vascular space.
-shrink |
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Hypotonic solutions
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-have lower osmolarity causing the water to move from vascular area to cell.
-swell |
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What are good isotonic solutions?
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-D5W
-0.9% NS -LR |
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What is D5W good for?
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-an isotonic solution that supplies 170 cal/l and contains 50g of glucose.
-only for short term bc it has no electrolytes. -will dilute serum Na causing brain swelling |
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What is 0.9% NS good for?
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-an isotonic solution that has no cal but good for expanding ECF.
-should not be used for maintenance bc can give too much Na and Cl |
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What is LR good for?
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-an isotonic solution that has same electrolytes as plasma
-good for treating hypovolemia, burns, GI fluid loss |
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What are some hypotonic solutions?
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-0.33% NS (1/3 strength saline)
-0.45 NS (1/2 strength saline) |
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What is 0.33% NS good for?
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-a hypotonic solution that provides Na and Cl and free water.
-allows kidneys to select and retain needed amts. -Hydration! |
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What is 0.45% NS good for?
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-a hypotonic solution that provides Na and Cl and free water.
-used to treat hypernatremia -dilutes the plasma sodium without dropping it too rapid -Rebalance sodium level! |
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What are some hypertonic solutions?
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-D5/.45 NS
-D10W -D5/.9NS |
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What is D5/.45 NS good for?
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-a hypertonic solution that is used to treat hypovolemia
-maintenance IV |
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What is D10W good for?
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-a hypertonic solution that provides 340 cal/l
-used for PPN -can inc. infection! |
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What is D5/.9 NS good for?
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-a hypertonic solution that replaces nutrients and electrolytes
-temporary treatment of hypovolemia |
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What will happen if you use a hypertonic solution for too long?
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pt will develop hypernatremia
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What is hypovolemia? (fluid vol deficit)
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-a decrease in water and electorlyes in ECF
-measured by wt loss |
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What is 3rd space shift?
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-fluids become trapped in "potential spaces'
-causes dec. intravascualar vol. |
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What is hypervolemia? (fliud vol excess)
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-an inc. in water and sodium in the ECF
-can be due to kidney malfunction or cardiac problems. -Edema! |
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What are some s/s of FVD?
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disorientation, lethargy, postural hyotension, n/v, thirst, dry skin, dec turgor, dec output, weak fast pulse
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What are some s/s of FVE?
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change in LOC, inc BP, bounding pulse, inc RR, SOB, crackles, warm skin
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electrolyte Sodium
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-main cation in ECF, most abundent lyte.
-controls water balance and fluid vol. |
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What is hypernatremia?
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-inc sodium level
-usually with dehydration |
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What is hyponatremia?
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-dec in sodium level
-uaually with excess water intake, GI/GU loss |
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electrolyte Cholride
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-main anion in ECF
-works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure adn acid-base balance. -essential for producing gastric juices (digestion) |
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electrolyte Potassium
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-main cation in ICF
-regulates cell enzyme activity and water content -excess excreted by kidneys -works in opposition with Na and H (meaning an excess in either would cause a dec in K) |
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electrolyte Bicarbonate
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-anion that is a major buffer in ECF and ICF.
-regulated by kidneys -avaible as result of CO2 formation during metabolism |
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What is hypokalemia
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-a deficit in the ECF of K+
-K+moves from cell to ECF -start to see muscle weakness and leg cramps |
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What is hyperkalemia?
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-an excess of K+ in ECF
-can cause cardiac arrest |
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What is the normal blood pH
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7.35-7.45
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Describe acidosis
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-there is an excess of H+ ions in the ECF. The H+ ions exchange for K+ increasing teh EC K+ level
-below 7.35 |
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Describe alkalosis
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-a lack of H+ ions in teh ECF
-above 7.45 |
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How is acid-base assessed?
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by ABGs
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Describe respiratory acidosis
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-caused by retention of CO2
-inc in RR to remove excess CO2 (cant get rid of) -kidneys retain more bicarb adn excrete more H+ |
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Describe respiratory alkalosis
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-caused by a deficit in CO2
-dec in RR -kidneys excrete more bicarb and retain more H+ |
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Describe metabolic acidosis
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-caused by dec in HCO3
-inc RR -kidneys retain bicarb and excrete H+ |
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Describe metabolic alkalosis
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-excess in HCO3 (bicarb)
-dec RR -kidneys excrete bicarb and retain H+ |
