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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cephalocaudal development
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head downward to feet (long axis)
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proximodistal development
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center of body outward to extremities (arm movement before finger movement)
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differentiation
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simple operations to more complex activities and fxns. (craw before walk)
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critical periods (sensitive periods)
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time which child is especially responsive to certain enviornmental effects (stranger anxiety)
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Piaget therories focus on what
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cognitine development and learing thru mental schema
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Erikson therories focus on what
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psychosocial theory with emphasis on cultural, social, and biologic influences
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Freud therories focus on what
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the effect of instinctual human drives
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Havighurst therories focus on what
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relates to completing tasks at appropriate ages
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Kohlberg theroies focus on what
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moral development in relation to interpersonal relationships
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the four kinds of temperament
(Chess & Thomas) |
easy-40%
difficult-10% slow to warm up-15% combinations-35% |
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newborn
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birth-28days
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infant (age and teach)
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1-2 months
teach-choking hazards, falls, drowning, car seats, pets, nutrition, sleep, immunizations |
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toddler (age and teach)
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1-3 years
teach-potty training, choking, car/pedestrian safety, toys, nutriion, lang. |
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preschooler (age and teach)
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3-6 years
teach-dental health, peer interaction, sharing, bike helmets, prep for school, abuse |
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school-age (age and teach)
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7-12 years
teach-safety at school, strangers, reward behavior, reading, peer pressure |
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prepubertal
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10-13 years
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adolescents (age and teach)
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12-18 years
teach-peer pressure, sexuality, school performance, mood disorders, growth, puberty, anger mang. |
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NEWBORN (physical & sensory characteristics, dev. stage)
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PHYSICAL-head is 1/4 of body size, weight= 6-8 lbs. gains 5-7 oz each week and needs 55 cal per lb., heigh= 19-21 in. and grows 1in per month, head cir=13-14in and is larger than chest cir
SENSORY-hearing and touch is dev, light and dark differentiated at birth, human faces is fav pattern, reflexes STAGES-freud=oral, erikson=trust v. mistrust, piaget=sensorimotor |
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INFANT growth
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screen growth at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 mos; weight doubles in 5 months; height increases 50% in one year; brain weight increaed by 2.5 times by one year; posterior fontanel closes
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INFANT nutrition
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use formual for 12 mos (no more than 32 oz a day bc of to much iron), add solids after 6 mos, one new food every 3-7 days, firs tooth erupts a 5-6 mos, introduce cup with new liquids at 6 mos (juice 1:1 with water)
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INFANTS (order of adding new foods)
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rice cereal, fruits/veggies, meats (8-10 mos.
NO HONEY before 1 year |
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INFANT sleep
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15-22 hours a day, "back is best" for preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, use nap/night time rituals
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INFANT toys
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birth-2 mos= mobiles, black/white patterns, music box, rocking/cuddling
3-6 mos= rattles, stuffed aniamls, soft toys with contrasting colors, noise making objects 6-12 mos= large blocks, teething toys, pop apart and back together, stacking toys, adult/child interaction(peek a boo), soft balls, push and pull toys |
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INFANT meds
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disolve in sweet syrup NOT food!
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INFANT theories
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ERIKSON-trust v mistrust= est trust of caretakers, stranger anexity shows caregiver trust.
PIAGET-sensorimotor= learns about the world through the senses adn motor activities, dev a sense of cause & effect FREUD-oral |
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TODDLER growth
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scree at 15,18,24,and 36 mos.; weight= slow and is 4x birth weight by 2.5 yrs.; hieght= 50% of adult height by age 2; head cir= 90% of adult size brain by age 2; anterior fontanel closes by 18 mos; abdomen is rounded and gait is wide
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TODDLE nutrition
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slows btwn 12-18 mos, appetite and need for intake decreases (35-45 cal per lb), picky eater, avoid lager pieces of food (hot dog, grapes, cherries, peanuts), desire finger foods, bursh and floride teeth
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TODDLER gross motor dev
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15 mos= walks without help
18 mos= jump in place 24 mos= goes up stairs with two feet on each step and runs well with wide-stance |
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TODDLER fine motor dev
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15 mos= uses cup without help
and build tower of two cubes 24-30 mos= holds crayon with fingers 30 mos= good hand-finger cord. 3 years= copies a circle |
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approaching the TODDLER
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talk with caregiver first, let child come to you BEFORE you reach for them, get down to child's level, give choices, do all that you can with child on parents lap
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TODDLER play/toys
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begin imaginative and make-believe play, blocks, wheel toys, push toys, puzzles, crayons, repetitive stories adn short songs of rhythm
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TODDLER sleep
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morning nap disappears but afternoon nap stays, nightime sleep can lengthen
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TODDLER discipline
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begin at 8 mos, use firm/serious voice, exlplain why, time outs=1 min per year of age
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TODDLER theories
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ERIKSON-autonomy v shame and doubt=icreased ability to control self and envior., attains new physical skills, symbolizes independence by saying "NO"
PIAGET-sensorimotor=lang enables child to better understand the word, curiosity, experimentation, adn exploration, object permanence is fully dev by age 2 FREUD-anal |
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PRESCHOOL growth
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scree yearly, weight gain slow (4-5lbs/yr), height= increases 2-3in/yr
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PRESCHOOL dev
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3 yrs= rides tricycle
4 yrs= skips/hop on one foot 5 yrs= throws/catches ball and balances on alternative feet and knows 2100 words |
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PRESCHOOL nutrition
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similar to toddler, has likes and dislikes, influenced by others eating patterns, cla requ of 35-45/lb
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PRESCHOOL safety
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car seat belt with booster seat until 40 lbs or in, booster seat until 80 lbs, injury prevetion
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approaching a PRESCHOOLER
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have play area, encourage drawing, be at physical level, allow child to "play with" medical equiment
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PRESCHOOL play
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imitates same-sex play, provide toys to develop motor and coordination skills, supervision on TV, likes sing-along-songs
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common fears of PRESCHOOLERS
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the dark, monster, ghosts, being left alone, animals, blood oozing out of cuts
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PRESCHOOLER theories
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ERIKSON-initiation v guilt= child expors the world with all senses, initiation is when child is able to carry out a plan of action, develops a conscience, develops direction and purpose
PIAGET-preoperational= forms symbolic thought, egocintrism=unalbe to put self in the place of another, unable to understand conservation (clay shapes, glasses of liquid), increas lang, play is more socialized PREUD-phallic=increased interest in gender difference, gential curiosity, conflit with same gender parent |
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YOUNG ADULT dev (60-74)
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ERIKSON-intimacy v isolation= est independence from parents, life direction, values guide behavior, cope with stress
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health problems in YOUNG ADULTS
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lifestyle risks= risk-taking behaviors (drugs, alcohol, poor nutrition)
safety risks= ACCIDENTS(fires, drowing) leading cause of death; EXPOSURE TO NATURAL RADIATOIN (sun); SUIDIE RISK (depression, weight/sleep change); AIDS/STI; STRESS; CERTAIN DISEASES (testicular) |
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nsg interactions with YOUNG ADULTS
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education (screenings, exams, r/t stress), safety, treatment for illness and assistance in dealing with chronic illness
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MIDDLE ADULT dev (75-84)
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ERIKSON-generativity v stagnation= conern for others/withdrawl, isolation.; accepy aging body, experience freedom, adapt to change in family roles, connect with life partner, participate in charitable activities (giving back to society)
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health problem with MIDDLE ADULTS
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PHYSIOLOGIC-wt gain, dec in muscle mass, drier skin, wrinkles, gray hair, dec hearing
HORMONAL- woment=menopause (40-55, loss of estrogen, inc calcium loss), hot flaches, fatigue, emotional change; men=more gradual dec in testosterone |
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psychosocial issues with MIDDLE ADULT
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role transition (spouse, children growing up, paretns getting older= "sandwich generation"), midlife transition, moral dev may either stall or progress to the post-conventional level (focus on others), more trust in spiritual strenghth
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LATE ADULT dev
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ERIKSON-ego integrity v despair=death as acceptable conclusion of life/poor life choices, wish life was over; satisfactory retirement and dev of other activites, social support network, accept death
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common heath problem with LATE ADULT
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chronic illness, acute illness=longer recovery time, injuries r/t falls, stress r/t role change, high suicide risk
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safety issuse with OLDER ADULTS
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falls, fires, hypothermis (body temp below noraml), abuse
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define intrinsic and extrinsic
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within self and outside self
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cognitive changes with aging
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may take longer to respond
DEMENTIA=permanent/progressiveorganic mental disorder; primary-irreversible direct attack on the brain tissue; secondary-reversible if underlying disorder is treated |
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nsg interavtions with ELDERLY ADULTS
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promote independence/healthy lifestyle, prevent complication r/t illness, edu on safety, remember to "slow down", treat individually
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what are the main cancers in both men and women
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men-lung, bladder, testicular, prostate
women-brest/cervix, colon, rectum, uterus, lung |
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define polypharmacy
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prescription, administration, or use of mroe medication than are clinically indicated in a given pt
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