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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Darwin believed that autonomic responses are... |
an intrinsic part of emotional experience. |
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Darwin believed emotion is used for... |
communication and behavioral readiness |
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emotion is composed of (3 things)... |
1) subjective: the conscious experience 2) physiological: how our bodies react 3) expressive: how we behave during an emotion |
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6 primary emotions |
Fear, joy, love, sadness, surprise and anger |
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Emotion is for... |
Motivation and organization of actions. To communicate and influence others |
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What is Input Appraisal |
What is out there? and what does it portend? |
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All components of emotion rely on the same brain circuits and cannot be separate. |
FALSE |
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What is the "common sense" outlook on emotional processes |
perception -> feeling -> physiology |
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What is the James-Lange outlook on emotional processes |
Perception -> Physiology -> Feeling |
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What is the Cannon-Bard outlook on emotional processes |
Perception -> Feeling and Physiology |
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What is the Schater-Singer outlook on emotional processes |
Perception -> Feeling - - - > Physiology |
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What is the Local" view outlook on emotional processes |
Perception, Feeling and Physiology are a circuit and all influence eachother |
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What cortical areas to Cannon-Bard suggest to play a role in emotion |
Hypothalamus and Thalamus |
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Cannon and Bard thought that autonomic responses aren't specific enough to create the wide range of emotions that are possible (T/F) |
TRUE |
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Sham Rage of cats is when... |
Frontal cortex is severed and medial hypothalamus is stimulated. Cat shows intense rage. Suggests hypothalamus is a specialized emotional center |
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The Limbic System was identified by. |
Papez |
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The stream of thought in the Limbic System is |
sensation to thalamus -> lateral neocortex -> cingulate |
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The stream of feeling in the Limbic System |
sensation to the thalamus -> mammillary bodies -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate (then to hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies) |
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The cingulate gyrus is... |
another specialized emotional center |
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The Papez circuit involves the... |
Fornix, Subcallosal Gyrus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, Entorhinal Cortex |
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The Arousal Theory says... |
if a person experiences emotional arousal for which they have no immediate explanation, they will label and describe this state in terms of the cognitions available to them at the time. |
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The Norepinephrine Experiment showed |
feeling requires both high physiological arousal and emotional evaluation |
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Emotions are essentially __________ phenomena |
'cognitive' |
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"Local" view says |
each emotion has a separate circuit with no starting point |
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The LeDoux's Amygdala hypothesis is... |
that the amygdala is responsible for fear |
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The Limbic system includes... |
cortical and subcortical regions involved in experiencing and expressing emotions. |
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Amygdala gets input from... |
sensory cortices, cortex and hypothalamus |
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Amygdala outputs to... |
places that produce autonomic components to emotion (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration...) the conscious perception of emotion. |
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Amygdala functions to.... |
detect danger, deter organism from taking unwarranted risks and supply the energy and attention needed in dangerous situations |
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What link causes a "gut feeling' |
The link between the cortex, hypothalamus and amygdala |
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Basolateral Nuclei outputs to... |
all cortical area except the primary motor cortex |
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Central Nucleus output to... |
the brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus |
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Functions of Amygdala |
- determines pos., neg. or neutral significance of stimuli and shares this to modulate appropriate responses (cognitive and physiological) -responsible for why we remember things better. |
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Neuroendocrine regulation controlled by |
Hypothalamus |
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Respirator regulation occurs at |
Brainstem respiratory centers |
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Cardiovascular regulation occurs via |
the sympathetic nervous system |
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Mediation of facial expressions via |
connections to cranial nerve VII |
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Salvation, pupil dilation, flushing of skin, ect. are modulated by |
Brainstem |
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Learning is triggered by a single event and the amygdala... |
releases neurotransmitters to change synaptic efficacy (usually target brainstem structures that are involved in arousal and vigilance) |
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Voluntary expressions are controlled by... |
pyramidal tract (primary motor cortex -> brainstem -> spinal cord) |
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Involuntary expressions are controlled by... |
activation of subcortical structures (basal ganglia) via extrapyramidal system |
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What are strategies used for regulation of emotion? (2) Which is an important component of good emotional health |
Reappraisal (amygdala activation increases or decrease in accordance to regulatory goal) and expression (suppression of exp. results in increase of physiological arousal) |
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Positive reinforcers |
increase freq. of behaviors that lead to their acquisitions and decrease behaviors that lead to their loss |
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Negative reinforcers |
decrease frequency of their acquisition and increase behavior that leads to their avoidance |
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What neurotransmitters are used in reward pathways |
dopamine and serotonin |
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Dopamine leads to behaviors that.... |
lead to more dopamine |
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Serotonin systems regulate... |
the emotional responses to the pleasure associated with rewards. |
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Dopamine pathways are found in the ______ and functions? |
frontal cortex, and their are multiple receptor subtypes. functions: reward, pleasure, compulsions, preservation |
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Serotonin pathways circulate through... and functions? |
all cortices. functions: mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition. |
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Neurons in the __________ ______ _____ contain dopamine |
ventral tegmental area. then dopamine is released into the nucleus accumbens and PFC |
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What brain structures constitutes the reward pathway |
ventral segmental area, nucleus accumbens and PFC |
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Anticipation of reward activate different regions than those that are involved in actual reward (T/F) |
FALSE |
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Error signals play a large part in the learning process (T/F) |
TRUE |
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ADHD children show normal anticipation responses to anticipation of reward (T/F) |
FALSE |
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What part of the reward system most likely plays a large role in anticipation of reward? |
Nucleus Accumbens |
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Why is addiction considered a "brain disease"? |
because brain structures are altered and it causes long lasting effects. |
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Marijuana in the brain... |
activates neurons by mimicking neurotransmitters. |
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Amphetamine and Cocaine in the brain... |
cause nerve cells to release abnormally large amounts of neurotransmitters or prevent normal re-uptake |
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In general, drugs cause... |
amplified neuronal activity and increased likelihood of plasticity |
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What type of drug has binding sites that overlap reward circuits and activates dopamine receptors? Also causes loss of pain. |
Opiates |
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Tolerance of Opiates is caused by... and involves which brain structures |
the increased production of an enzyme that breaks down morphine. involves the thalamus and spinal cord |
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What is the difference between addiction and dependence. |
Addiction is mediated by the reward pathway but dependence is mediated by the thalamus and brainstem |
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What is Cocaine? |
an opiate that acts on the dopamine reward system and caudate nucleus (which explains pacing, nail biting ect.). It also interferes with brain's ability to metabolize glucose |
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In what brain structures does THC bind? |
Ventral Tegmental Area, Nucleus Accumbens, Caudate Nucleus, hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex |
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The interaction of THC with the ______ explains the effect on memory and its interaction with the __________ may be the cause of incoordination |
hippocampus; cerebellum |
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What do opiates mediate that is important for survival? |
pain supression |
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Cannabinoids play a role in? |
synaptic plasticity, involving retrograde signaling from post to presynaptic elements |
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Risk of becoming addicted is generally influenced by what three things? |
biological makeup, developmental stage, and social environment |
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Why are teenagers more vulnerable to addiction. |
Their PFC is underdeveloped |
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What is the long term effect of drugs in relation to glutamate levels? |
drug abuse alters glutamate levels, and a decrease in glutamate results in impairment of memory function |
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Who suggested that the limbic system is the reptilian brain equivalent? |
McLean |
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Encephalization Quotient is... |
the extent to which a species brain size exceeds or falls below the size that is expected for a typical species of that body size. |
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-S means? +S means? -E means? +E means? |
body gets smaller, body gets bigger, brain gets smaller, brain gets bigger |
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T/F: Humans deviate from the growth plan of primates both pre- and post-natally. |
FALSE, humans only differ from primate brain growth in relation to body size postnatally |
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Brain evolution involves.... |
the alteration of existing structures |
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What region has expanded much more than others in humans? |
Neocortex |
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What brain structures are have size constrains and what are they constricted to? |
Structures with direct links are constrained by the size of target/ source |
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Primary and secondary sensory areas vary as a function of... |
the sensory demands of an ecological niche |
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T/F, Association zones are proportionally expanded in humans |
False, they are disproportionally expanded |
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The expansion of the PFC and of Brodmann's area 10 cause projections into anterior cingulate cortex, this provides key interface between what? |
motivation, emotion, cognition and action |
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Mean social group size correlates to the size of what cortical structure? |
neocortex |
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What brain structure is increased in birds that store food? |
Hippocampus |
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Grey matter in temporal lope correlates to what social aspects? |
network size and dominance |
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What is social cognition |
The cognitive mechanism that underlie how people interpret and navigate the social world |
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What is projection by simulation |
when we perceive someone else's emotions, we produce our own internal experiences of that emotion. (mirror neurons in ACC are responsible for this) |
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What is oxytocin? |
a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus and is considered the 'love', 'trust' or 'social glue' hormone |
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What constitutes the 'moral brain' |
Medial frontal gyrus, amygdala and parietal lobe |
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In complex social situations, what factors are considered? |
emotional factors, rational factors, automatic and controlled processes |
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What is utility? and utility function? |
the total satisfaction received from consuming a good/service reflects the relation between something (memory/status) and satisfaction |
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what is temporal discounting or delay of gratification? |
rewards are less valuable the longer you have to wait for them |
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What is Theory of Mind? |
an understanding that other people have mental that may differ from one's own and from the true state of the world |
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What is the role of the temporal poles in Theory of Mind |
specifies social rules and perception of familiar individuals |
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What is the role of the medial frontal lobe in Theory of Mind |
attends to internal states and is active in mentalizing |
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What is the role of the right ventrolateral PFC in Theory of Mind |
Inhibits one's own experience while considering another's state of mind |
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What structure plays the most important role in the Theory of Mind? |
the right ventrolateral PFC |
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T/F: ASD patients do not have Theory of Mind |
TRUE |
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T/F The same neural circuits are used to make predictions of one's behaviors based on their traits no matter how we think that person views us. |
FALSE, we use different circuits whether we think the person approves of us or not. |
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What is a risk-averse attitude? |
More likely to accept a lower, certain bargain than a higher, uncertain bargain |
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What is a risk-netrual attitude? |
Indifferent between uncertain or certain bargains |
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What is a risk-seeking attitude? |
More likely to accept a higher, uncertain risk over a lower, certain risk |
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What is heuristics? |
mental state shortcuts used in judging and deciding |
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We make judgements based on _________ and ___________ |
availability and representatives |
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Utility is assessed based on.... |
the value of something and the probability of its occurrence |
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Utility plays no role in behavior (T/F) |
FALSE |
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Behavior can be entirely explained by the rational application of classical utility functions (T/F) |
FALSE |
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What is sunk cost effect? |
prior investment decreases the effect of the expected value |
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vmPFC always tracts the expected value (T/F) |
FALSE, it only tracts the expected value when no prior investments were made |
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Are decisions less or more dependent of expected value after a prior investment has been made? |
LESS, they are more dependent on need to justify and desire to look less wasteful |
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When are social and motivational factors involved in decision making? |
when making decisions that must take into account the value and preferences of others |
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The ultimatum game shows that social situations cannot be fully accounted for by... |
traditional utility theory |
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What two general systems are involved in decision making? |
1) automatic, intuitive, emotional and 2) controlled, deliberative, cognitive |
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More insula activity usually means... |
more likely to reject |
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More dorsolateral PFC activity usually means... |
more likely to accept |
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Skinner believed that language... |
was no different than any other learned behavior and is learned via reinforcement |
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Who believed that the ability to learn and speak human language is encoded in genes? |
Noam Chompsky |
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Why did Noam Chompsky think that language isn't just a form of imitation? |
Because children produce sentences that they have never heard before and language is endlessly productive |
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What are the two components of language? |
Lexicon and grammar |
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What is lexicon? |
a set of arbitrary associations between sounds and meanings |
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What makes infinite creativity of language possible? |
Grammar (it is unique to humans) |
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What are the levels of grammar (3)? |
1) phonology 2) morphology 3) syntax |
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What is the difference between Linguists and Psycholinguists? |
Linguists describe lang. and analyze what must be known to speak a lang. Psycholinguists analyze how we recognize, understand, acquire and use language |
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What is phonology? and what are phonemes? |
The rules for producing an comprehending sounds that convey meaning They are distinctive speech sounds in which words are composed of (Spoonerisms prove that phonemes are the components of lang.) |
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What is an accent? |
the application of phonological rules from one language to another |
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What is the name for the concentration of acoustic energy around a particular frequency in a speech wave? |
Formant; what phonemes are characterized by |
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Vowels can be characterized by...? |
the structure of their first and second formant |
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T/F; Across speakers, there is variation of frequencies of formants |
True |
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Morphology |
the part of grammar that deals with structure of words and the meanings of parts of words. (most elemental grammatical unit) |
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Syntax |
the study of rules governing grammatical sentence formation and understanding (how words are combined). this is unrelated to meaningfulness |
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T/F; the use of syntax is conscious. |
False, it is unconscious |
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Semantics |
Meaning of words is assessed from the lexicon and with the sentence parsing, to understand what we are hearing or need to sayO |
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Pragmatics |
the social and cultural rules that govern speech. (ex. taking turns in a conversation) |
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Sentence meaning is not the only thing that determines the intended meaning, what else does? |
Contextual and situational factors |
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What structure is activated by metaphors but not by literal speech |
Parietal Operculum |
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By what age is syntax acquired? and how is it learned? |
4 years; not by imitation but by explicit instruction |
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Chomsky's proposed that children have a Language Acquisition Device that assists in... |
learning syntax rules |
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T/F; learning of language begins immediately after birth. |
False, it begins in the womb |
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Where is the center for language memory? |
temporal lobe |
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Where is the center for language motor? |
By M1 in frontal lobe |
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Where is the center for spelling and reading? |
By speech area in temporal lobe |
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A synaptic positive shift occurs when? |
it occurs in a grammatically violated sentence |
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What areas are involved in reading? |
Broca's area (articulation and word analysis), parieto-temporal (word analysis) and occipitotemporal (word form) |
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What area is overactive in Dyslexia |
Broca's area |
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T/F: the same circuits are used during the acquisition of ones first and second language |
False. |
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What factors can affect the ability to learn a 2nd language? |
motivation, age, access to lang., personality, quality of instruction and cognitive ability |
