Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Three Types of Research
|
Exploratory
Descriptive Explanatory |
|
|
Exploratory Research - Purpose
|
To define a perceived problem or determine if a problem exists
To determine best methods to study a problem Collect Background Information |
|
|
The Result of Exploratory Research
|
Starting point for descriptive or explanatory research
|
|
|
Descriptive Research - Purpose
|
To characterize the current status of a perceived problem
To provide a direction for explanatory research |
|
|
The Result of Descriptive Research
|
Answer WHO, WHAT, WHEN and HOW but not WHY
|
|
|
a p<0.05 is the highest acceptable level that is used to indicate statistical significance.
|
a p<0.05 is the highest acceptable level that is used to indicate statistical significance.
|
|
|
Explanatory research is based on observations and the desire to fully understand what has been observed. Explanatory research follows the scientific method.
|
Explanatory research is based on observations and the desire to fully understand what has been observed. Explanatory research follows the scientific method.
|
|
|
Steps of the scientific method
|
1. Gather information on what has been observed
2. Form Hypothesis 3. Design and Implement an experiment 4. Gather and analyze data 5. Interpret data and draw conclusions 6. Publish Results 7. Validation/Verification |
|
|
The requirement for Explanatory Research
|
1. At least one variable must be manipulated
2. Variables of interest must be measurable and controlled 3. Confounding variables must be controlled 4. Rival explanations must be ruled out 5. The experiment must have a high degree of internal validity 6. The experiment must be externally validated |
|
|
____________ Research tends to be qualitative and or descriptive.
|
Exploratory Research tends to be qualitative and or descriptive.
|
|
|
Advantages of Descriptive Surveys
|
-Relative inexpensive and easy to conduct
-Can generalize to a larger audience -Excellent starting point for planning experimental research |
|
|
Disadvantages of Descriptive Surveys
|
-Cannot determine cause of disease, only occurrence
-Relies on people's memory and willingness to report the truth |
|
|
Define Epidemiology
|
A study of the distribution, causes and ways to control disease and health-related problems in the population.
INCIDENCE and PREVALENCE of Risk |
|
|
DEFINE: Incidence
|
Rate of new occurrence of a disease
FORMULA: # new cases / # of people in population (or exposed population) |
|
|
DEFINE: Prevalence
|
Overall measure of total number of cases in a population
FORMULA: # new & existing cases / # of people in population |
|
|
Case Control Study
|
Measure of those with disease (CASE) vs those without the disease (CONTROL) that share similar traits or live in the same area.
-Most often retrospective |
|
|
Advantages of Case Control Studies
|
-relatively quick and inexpensive
-requires fewer subjects -good for disease that take a long time to develop -can look for more than one exposure |
|
|
Disadvantages of Case Control Studies
|
-People with a disease may have characteristics that cannot be measured
-Finding the best match of controls can be difficult -People have trouble remembering very far back (retrospective) |
|
|
Cohort Studies
|
Similar to case control but are prospective.
|
|
|
Advantages to Cohort Studies
|
-Subject selection is (generally) non-biased
-Prospective -Can look for more than one outcome |
|
|
Disadvantages to Cohort Studies
|
-Requires a long follow-up period and subjects can be difficult to keep track of
-Usually requires a large number of subjects -Exposure can vary over time -Expensive |
|
|
Advantages to Randomized Clinical Trial
|
-Accurate information on exposure
-Accurate information on outcomes -Confounding is less of a problem -Gives the strongest evidence of causality |
|
|
Disadvantages to Randomized Clinical Trial
|
-Expensive, time-consuming and complex
-Nobody wants to be in the control group -People (including medical staff) don't want selection by chance -Ethical issues |
