Nsci 201 Lecture 2

Front 1

sulcus

Back 1

fold in the brain

Front 2

gyrus

Back 2

outer part of fold in the brain

Front 3

superior

Back 3

above

Front 4

anterior

Back 4

in front of

Front 5

rostral

Back 5

towards the nose

Front 6

posterior

Back 6

behind

Front 7

caudal

Back 7

towards the tail

Front 8

inferior

Back 8

below

Front 9

saggital cut

Back 9

between hemispheres

Front 10

coronal cut

Back 10

like loaf of bread

Front 11

horizontal cut

Back 11

cut horizontally

Front 12

CNS is composed of

Back 12

Brain

Spinal chord

Front 13

Main job of spinal chord

Back 13

get signals from brain to periphery of body

Front 14

Brain is composed of

Back 14

cerebrum

diencephalon

midbrain

pons

cerebellum

medulla

Front 15

the cerebrum is

Back 15

part of the brain

most of the outer layer of brain (cortices)

made of cortex + some anatomically newer parts

Front 16

the diencephalon is

Back 16

part of the brain

thalamus

hypothalamus

Front 17

the midbrain is

Back 17

part of the brain

made up of nuclei --> mostly widely projecting transmitter systems

Front 18

the pons is

Back 18

part of the brain stem

Front 19

the cerebellum is

Back 19

part of the brain

"second brain"

Front 20

the medulla is

Back 20

part of the brain

lowest part of the brain stem

continuous with spinal chord

Front 21

the spine is

Back 21

part of the PNS

stacked vertebrae (contain and protect spinal chord)

in between each vertebra is a spinal nerve

Front 22

a spinal nerve is

Back 22

part of the PNS

leaves spinal chord to innervate part of the body

there is a relationship between the location of a spinal nerve in the spine and what it innervates

Front 23

how does the thickness of the spinal chord vary

Back 23

thicker higher up (more axons ascending and descending to feed info to brain)

thinner lower down (branching out of spinal nerves)

at Cauda Equina (l2&l3) --> no more spinal chord (less likely to hit nerves if things are injected (epidural))

Front 24

Cervical nerves are essential for what

Back 24

breathing and staying alive in general

Front 25

Transmission of memory

Back 25

perifery--> spinal chord--> hind brain --> diencephalon --> cortex --(cleaning of information)--> diencephalon --> hind brain --> spinal chord --> periphery

Front 26

frontal lobe

Back 26

motor behaviour

Front 27

parietal lobe

Back 27

feeling + touch --> processing sensory inputs

Front 28

occipital lobe

Back 28

vision

Front 29

temporal lobe

Back 29

hearing

some vision

Front 30

why is the brain folded?

Back 30

allows for maximum brain tissue in limited area

Front 31

how is the spinal chord protected?

Back 31

spinal chord surrounded by 2-3 layers of meninges surrounded by vertebrae

spinal nerves leave spinal chord in joints between vertebrae

Front 32

white matter

Back 32

myelinated axons travelling from brain stem to PNS

Front 33

grey matter

Back 33

local unmyelinated neurons

short distance communication

dorsal and ventral horns

Front 34

ratio of grey matter to white matter in spinal chord

Back 34

higher up spinal chord == more white matter

lower down spinal chord == less white matter

Front 35

location of white and grey matter in spinal chord

Back 35

white matter is on the outside and grey matter on the inside

Front 36

flow of information in spinal chord

Back 36

sensory neuron

|

dorsal horn and root

| |

dorsal column interneuron (grey | matter)

| |

brain (medulla) motor neuron

|

same neuron

|

muscle

Front 37

is the spinal chord only a cable?

Back 37

no

has a lot of behaviour and patterns within it

Front 38

grey matter in vertebrae

Back 38

divided into lamina

X= pain

IX = motor neurons

Front 39

lateral column in vertebrae

Back 39

motor axon from cortex = voluntary movement

Front 40

dorsal column in vertebrae

Back 40

highway of ascending neurons

Front 41

ventral column in vertebrae

Back 41

motor axons from brain stem = posture and balance

Front 42

dorsal root entry zone in vertebrae

Back 42

entry of sensory neurons from PNS

Front 43

3 types of cranial nerves of the brain stem

Back 43

sensory cranial nerves

motor cranial nerves

mixed cranial nerves

Front 44

involvement of cranial nerves of the brain stem

Back 44

transmitting sensory information

movement+ sensation of head and neck

control + sensation from internal organs

Front 45

other important facts about the brainstem

Back 45

- whole thorax controlled by the brain stem

- spinal chord continuous with medulla

- brainstem important for staying alive + sleep + wakefulness

Front 46

oculomotor nerve

Back 46

controls eye

Front 47

trigerminal nerve

Back 47

controls face muscles

Front 48

vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 48

controls balance

Front 49

vagus nerve

Back 49

controls sensation of the gut and thorax

Front 50

Insula

Back 50

inside sylvian fissure

controls sense of taste

controls emotions like disgust

Front 51

olfactory bulb location

Back 51

it is on top of the nose

Front 52

pons meaning

Back 52

the word means bridge in latin

Front 53

hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus role

Back 53

plays a role in cognition

Front 54

cingulate gyrus

Back 54

overlies corpus callosum

limbic function

emotional processing

regulation of wants and desires

Front 55

hypothalamus

Back 55

connects brain and periphery for hormone secretion

Front 56

which parts of the brain connect both hemispheres together

Back 56

posterior commissure

corpus callosum

anterior commissure (origin of map of brain)

Front 57

thalamus

Back 57

relay station

gateway to the cortex

--> info from sensory systems to thalamus to cortes

--> cortex to thalamus to deep brain structures

Front 58

the caudate nucleus and the putamen are responsible for?

Back 58

they control movement

Front 59

location of grey and white matter in the brain

Back 59

grey matter is around white matter

--> opposite of spinal chord

Front 60

What are the meninges?

Back 60

protective layers covering the surface of brain and spinal chord. They provide a division between inside and outside and are composed of three layers

Front 61

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

Back 61

Dura Matter --> hard layer for physical protection (tough leather)

Arachnoid layer --> blood supply

Pia matter --> very soft + closest to the surface

Front 62

Possible problems to the meninges

Back 62

subdural pimatona--> bleeding in meninges, causes pressure on brain, serious problem

meningitis --> inflamed meninges , causes pressure on the brain, serious problem

Front 63

Use and location of CSF

Back 63

between brain and meninges

in vetricals + around spinal chord

helps brain float

extra protective layer

Front 64

CSF circulation

Back 64

choroid plexus

lateral ventricles

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

around brain and spinal chord

is metabolized

Front 65

choroid plexus

Back 65

creates CSF

constant flow towards 3rd and 4th ventricle

Front 66

lateral ventrical

Back 66

2 per brain

"holes" filled with CSF

Front 67

cerebral aqueduct

Back 67

narrow tube in which CSF flows

Front 68

hydrocephalus

Back 68

aqueduct blocked

no stopping of CSF creation

pressure builds up & ventricles get pushed

Front 69

dorsal

Back 69

towards the back

Front 70

ventral

Back 70

towards the front of body (stomach)

Front 71

medial

Back 71

towards the center

Front 72

lateral

Back 72

towards the side

Front 73

what is the purpose of the spinal chord

Back 73

relaying information from the brain to the body and vice versa