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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HAIs |
Healthcare Associated Infections |
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Nosocomial |
Hospital Acquired |
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T or F In top 10 leading cause of death 1 out of 20 Hospitalized ends up with nosocomial infection HAIsPreventable |
all true |
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Effects of HAIs |
$28-33 Billion Time Away from Work Pain and Death Increased Hospital Stays Non Reimbursement |
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Sources of HAIs |
Inadequate handwashing Catheterization technique Improper suctioning technique Improper dressing-change techniqueContamination of closed drain system |
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More Susceptible |
Those with: -Compromised Immunity - Nutrition—NPO, Nausea, Diarrhea - Invasive Procedures: -- Lab Sticks -- IVs --Foley Catheter --Surgery |
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Chain of Infection (6 links) |
Infectious Agent Reservoirs Portal of Exit Means of Transmission Port of Entry Susceptible Host |
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Infectious agents: 2 types |
Pathogens Normal flora that become pathogenic: Transient (pathogen is using you, your clothes, unwashed hands etc to hitch a ride to get to someone to infect them) Resident (you are a carrier of the flora/pathogen) |
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Reservoirs: 2 categories |
Where pathogens live and multiply May be livingHumans, animals, insects May be nonlivingFood, floors, equipment, contaminated water |
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Things pathogens need for survival: |
Nutrients Moisture Temperature Oxygen pH and Electrolytes Darkness |
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Portal of exit |
Via: -Bodily fluids: Blood, mucous, saliva, breast milk, urine, feces, vomitus, semen and other secretions -Coughing, sneezing -Diarrhea -Seeping wounds -Tubes, IV lines |
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Mode of Transmission |
- ContactDirect—touching, kissing, sexual contact - Indirect—contact with a contaminated object - - Droplet: cough, sneeze - Airborne: via air conditioning, sweeping - Vector-from another organism |
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Portal of Entry |
Mucous membranes—nose, eyes mouth GI Genito-urinary Respiratory Tract Broken Skin |
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Susceptible host |
Immuno-suppressed Diabetes Surgery—especially heart patients Burn patients Pregnant Women & Neonates Elderly |
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Stages of Infection |
Incubation—Infection to Signs and SymptomsProdromal—Vague symptoms Illness—S&S characteristic of disease number of pathogens decline Convalescence: tissue repair, return to health |
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Classification of Infections |
By location - Local Limited region in the body (e.g., urinary tract infection, respiratory) - SystemicSpread via blood or lymphAffects many regions (e.g., septicemia) |
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Other classifications |
Primary/Secondary: primary first illness, secondary: the illness you got after already being sick Exogenous Vs. Endogenous: ??from inside yourself vs outside?? Acute vs. Chronic: acute: short duration and quick onset of illness; chronic: ongoing sufferer Latent: you have the bug but aren't sick because it's dormant |
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Body’s Defenses (primary, secondary, etc) |
Primary—anatomical features Secondary—protective process Tertiary—immune system activated |
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Primary defenses |
—”Soldiers” Anatomical features, limit pathogen entry -Intact skin -Mucous membranes -Tears -Normal flora in gastrointestinal (GI) tract - Normal flora in urinary tract -Respiratory |
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Secondary Defenses |
Phagocytosis Complement cascade Inflammation Fever |
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Tertiary DefenseImmune Response |
Natural: Active—exposure and illness; Produce antibodiesCold or influenza Passive—Natural antibodies from Mom to Baby via Birth or Breastfeeding Artificial: Active—Live or inactive vaccines Passive—Serum from another human or animal |
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Drug resistant Organisms |
Cause?? |
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Multiple Drug resistant Organisms (MDROs) examples: |
MRSA
VRE C-diff |
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Teach Client/Family |
Stress Reduction Immunization Nutrition Rest and Exercise Infection Control in the Home Infection Control during Pregnancy |
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Asepsis definition |
(absence of pathogens) |
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Medical asepsis— |
similar to standard precautions Example: hand washing, routine cleaning, sterilization, utilizing barrier techniques |
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Sterile Asepsis- |
eliminates microorganisms and spores from object. Ex: Autoclaving instruments |
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Cleansing Disinfection Sterilization |
Cleansing Disinfection Sterilization |
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Critical Items |
—Surgical Instruments, Implants, Needles, Catheters etc… |
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Semi-critical Items— |
Touches Intact Skin or Mucous Membranes; ET tubes, Respiratory Equipment |
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Non Critical Items— |
BP Cuffs, Bedpans, Crutches |
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Remember the rules! |
Sterile + sterile = ________________ Sterile + clean = ________________ Sterile touch unknown = _________________ In DOUBT or WET= ________________ |
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Strategies To Decrease Adverse Immunization Reactions |
Don’t Administer if febrile Administer with analgesics Fever & pain with Tdap Expected Aspirin Free Pain Reliever May apply cold compresses for the first 24 hours for painful or red injection site Report Adverse Reactions1-800-822-7967 |
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Strategies Used To Promote Immunization Use |
Immunization drives Public education/Public funding Educate about possible side effects Day care, school requirements |
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Reportable diseases |
Example: HIV/AIDS TB Hepatitis Sexual transmitted diseases Lyme disease Salmonellosis Typhoid fever…… |
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Handwashing When? |
Before Touching Patient Before Clean/Aseptic Procedure After Touching Body Fluids After Touching Patient After Touching Surroundings |
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Handwashing Steps |
1. If visibly soiled wash hands, if not use alcohol rub. Allow to air dry with alcohol rub 2. Wet hands with soap and water 3. Wash all surfaces—palms, back, between fingers, nails & wrists 4. Keep fingertips down 5. Don’t touch inside of sink or faucet 6. Dry hands thoroughly 7. Turn faucet off with towel |
