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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is iconic memory?
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A type of short term visual memory. Visual persistance lasts 100-400ms. Traces exist @ retinal or LGB level.
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What is echoic memory?
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Auditory sensory memory. Brief mental echo that continues to sound after auditory stimuli has been heard
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What are the 2 types of STM/Working memory systems? What do they require?
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Linguistic & visuospatial. Require rehearsal or conscious mainipulation
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What is the avg memory span? How can it be expanded?
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7 +/- 2 items. Can be expanded w/ "chunking" or practice
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What brain areas are involved in visuospatial and phonological working memory?
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Prefrontal
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What brain areas are involved in passive phonological storage and active rehearsal? Function?
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Broca (subvocal rehearsal loop) & Wernicke (speech sounds if needed for rehearsal)
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What additional brain areas thought to be involved in visuospatial working memory? Function?
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Parietal (location), Inf temporal (shape), Temporal occipital (color)
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What are the types of long-term memory?
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Declarative & Procedural
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What is declarative memory?
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Memory for events, experiences, or facts available for conscious recall (explicit)
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What are the 2 types of declarative memory? Function?
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Episodic (recollection of contextual specific events) & Semantic (knowledge of facts)
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What is procedural memory?
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Behavioral learning, skill acquisition, habit formation, classical conditioning (operating w/o conscious awareness)
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What is priming?
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Sensory qualities of remembered fact that are part of LTM & can used as cues for recall (mental hints)
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What is memory decline?
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Normal age related changes in memory
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What causes age related decline in memory?
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Cell loss in neostriatum & prefrontal cortex, mild loss in hipo, neurofibrillary tangles @ 50 yo
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What are memory deficits?
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Non-normal changes in memory function assoc w/ disease
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What mostly causes non-normal memory deficits?
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Disease or injury
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What is amnesia?
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Significant difference b/w intelligence & memory (typically for events & learned info; declarative memory)
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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Inability to learn or recall new info
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What is retrograde amnesia?
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Inablilty to recall previously learned info
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What is source amnesia?
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Inablility to recall context in which memories are formed
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What is Papez circuit?
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Hippo, Fornix, Mammillary bodies, Ant thalamic nuc, int cap, Cingulate gyrus, para hippo, Entorhinal cortex, Hippo (updated to include amygdala & hypothal)
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What are the direct inputs to the amygdala & hippo?
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olfac, gustatory, & gen visceral afferents
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What is the indirect inputs to the amygdala & hippo?
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Vision, audition, & somatic via entorhinal ctx
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What extended sys mediates recollection?
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Extended hippo
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What extended sys mediates familarity?
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Extended perirhinal
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What is the subiculum?
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The major source of output from the hippo
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Where does the entorhinal ctx project 1st in the chain of intrahipp circuits?
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Dentate gyrus
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What is the subcortical input to the amygdala & hippo?
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Septal nuc, hypothal, amygdala, & BS
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What is the role of the basal forebrain in memory?
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Cholinergic innervation of hemispheres is necessary for consolidation
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What can injury to basal forebrain cause? Cause?
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Alzheimers & amnesia (caused by ACA aneursyms)
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What are the hippo projections?
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Collect in the white matter of the fornix. Divides ant into pre (to septal & vetral striatum) & post-commissural (to mammillary bodies) components
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Why doesn't lesions to the fornix cause severe memory impairment?
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Redundant pathways
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What is long-term potentiation?
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Long lasting synaptic change in response to brief high freq stim (hippo)
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What is the significance of long-term potentiation?
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Important process by which lasting memory traces are formed
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Which part of the brain is prone to epileptic seizures?
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Inf temporal lobe (hippo)
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What is used to treat seizures?
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Drugs can be ineffective so partial temporal lobectomies (hippo resection) are required
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What are the effects of temporal lobectomy?
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Minor retrograde amnesia, longest retention time for new memories, & spares IQ and procedural learning
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What is the affect of medial temporal lesions?
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Difficulty retaining verbal material
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What is the affect of lateral temporal lesions?
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Difficulty learning nonverbal, patterned stimuli (geometric figures)
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What is the anterolateral temporal lobe responsible for?
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Retrieval of past autobiographical info
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What is diencephalicamnesia? Cause?
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Korsakoff's syndrome. Damage mammillary bodies, DM nuc of thal, or both, pulvinar, LD nuc
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What are the symptoms of Korsakoff's?
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Ataxia, nystagmus, confusion, peripheral neuropathy
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How does the frontal lobe contribute to memory?
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Working memory, time tagging, source, & memory retrieval strategies
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What are the effects of fronto-temporal amnesia?
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shrinking anterograde/retrograde memory, impaired episodic but preserved semantic memory
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What can cause fronto-temporal amnesia?
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Trauma or Herpes encephalities
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What may be involved in spatial memory?
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Hippo, Fornix, Mammillary bodies, Ant thalamic nuc, int cap, Cingulate gyrus, para hippo, Entorhinal cortex, Hippo (updated to include amygdala & hypothal)
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What may beinvolved on habit learning?
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Striatum
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What maybe involved in cue punishment/reward?
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Amygdala
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