Ns Anat

Front 1

Types of neurons formed by neural crest cells (2)

Back 1

Sensory neurons & Postganglionic autonomic neurons

Front 2

All ganglia found in the PNS contain either __ or __ __ neurons and are derived from [neural crest cells/neural tube]

Back 2

sensory or postganglionic autonomic neuronal cell bodies; derived from neural crest cells

Front 3

Are chromaffin cells derived from neural crest cells or from the neural tube?

Back 3

Neural crest cells

Front 4

What are Schwann cells? What are oligodendrocytes? What is the difference between their processes and what is the benefit of it?

Back 4

Schwann cells make myelin for PNS axons & Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the CNS. Unlike oligodendrocytes, individual Schwann cells myelinate only a small part of a single axon. This causes discontinuities in myelin where 2 Schwann cells meet called Nodes of Ranvier which allow for saltatory conduction.

Front 5

What are 2 differences between MS and Guillain-Barre?

Back 5

MS affects CNS myelinated axons and results in motor & sensory deficits. Guillain-Barre affects PNS myelinated axons and results in motor deficits.

Front 6

Everything neural is derived from the [ectoderm/ mesoderm/endoderm], which also forms the __.

Back 6

Ectoderm; skin

Front 7

What induces formation of the nervous system?

Back 7

The notochord

Front 8

In the formation of the neural tube, first the __ thickens and __ forming the neural __, then the neural __. It then separates from the __derm and sinks into the __derm. The __ plate will form the sensory neurons and the __ plate will form the motor neurons. The __ __ develops outside of the neural tube.

Back 8

ectoderm; invaginates; groove; tube; ectoderm; mesoderm; alar; basal; neural crest

Front 9

Which part of the neural groove fuses first? When does this occur? What part fuses next and when? What part fuses last and when?

Back 9

The middle part fuses first (Day 23), then the cranial part/Rostral neuropore (Day 25), then the caudal neuropore (Day 27)

Front 10

What marker is present in any neural tube defect? What is the level of this marker in mothers with Down's Syndrome fetuses?

Back 10

Alpha fetal protein; It is reduced in Down's Syndrome mothers

Front 11

Alpha fetal protein is fairly nonspecific because it is present with any __ __ defect.

Back 11

body wall

Front 12

The rostral neuropore closes at Day __. Failure to close results in __, causing __ and increased __ __ __.

Back 12

25; anencephaly; polyhydramnios; alpha fetal protein

Front 13

Polyhydramnios

Back 13

Too much amniotic fluid

Front 14

The caudal neuropore closes at Day __. Failure to close results in __ and increased __ __ __.

Back 14

27; Spina bifida; alpha fetal protein

Front 15

What is required for neurulation to occur? When does it occur?

Back 15

All germ layers must be present; Occurs at 1w post-gastrulation

Front 16

Asymptomatic defect in vertebral arches; Tuft of hair on back; Normal alpha fetal protein

Back 16

Spina bifida occulta; Tuft of hair occurs over missing processes

Front 17

Vertebral defect with meninges projecting through; Elevated alpha fetal protein

Back 17

Spina bifida meningocele

Front 18

Vertebral defect with meninges and spinal cord projecting through; Elevated alpha fetal protein

Back 18

Spina bifida meningomyelocele

Front 19

Open neural tube on surface of back with dura & arachnoid protruding through; Elevated alpha fetal protein

Back 19

Spina bifida myeloschisis

Front 20

Explain the basic pathogenesis of spina bifida. What type of mater do the cysts contain?

Back 20

Normally, the neural tube closes and induces bone (vertebral arches) to form around it. In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn't close and so doesn't induce bone formation, resulting in missing spinous processes at lower lumbar levels. Cysts contain dura & arachnoid mater.

Front 21

What germ layer are the following derived from: inner ear, anterior pituitary (Rathke's pouch), parotid gland, lens of the eye?

Back 21

Surface ectoderm

Front 22

What germ layer are the following derived from: CNS, neurohypophysis, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, pineal gland?

Back 22

Neural tube from neuroectoderm

Front 23

What germ layer are the following derived from: retina, optic nerve?

Back 23

Neural tube from neuroectoderm

Front 24

What germ layer are the following derived from: adrenal medulla, sensory & autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells?

Back 24

Neural crest from ectoderm

Front 25

What germ layer are the following derived from: pigment cells, odontoblasts?

Back 25

Neural crest from ectoderm

Front 26

What germ layer are the following derived from: pia & arachnoid mater, pharyngeal arch cartilage?

Back 26

Neural crest from ectoderm

Front 27

What germ layer are the following derived from: parafollicular C cells, aorticopulmonary septum, endocardial cushions?

Back 27

Neural crest from ectoderm

Front 28

What germ layer are the following derived from: adrenal cortex, gonads & internal reproductive organs?

Back 28

Mesoderm

Front 29

What germ layer are epithelial linings of the GIT & fluid filled organs derived from?

Back 29

Endoderm

Front 30

What germ layer are parenchyma of organs and glands derived from?

Back 30

Endoderm

Front 31

What are the rolls of the ANS?

Back 31

Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 32

Where is the cell body for preganglionic motor neurons of the ANS?

Back 32

in the CNS

Front 33

Where is the cell body for postganglionic motor neurons of the ANS?

Back 33

in a ganglion in the PNS

Front 34

What is the origin of the sympathetic division of the ANS? Where do they synapse (2 names)? What do they innervate?

Back 34

Thoracolumbar outflow, Spinal cord levels T1-L2. Synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia aka paravertebral ganglia. Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands of the body wall & limbs, head, & thoracic viscera

Front 35

Where is the origin of the thoracic splanchnic nerves? Where do they synapse? What do they innervate?

Back 35

T5-L2. Synapse in the prevertebral ganglia (e.g., celiac, aorticorenal superior mesenteric ganglia). Innervate smooth muscle and glands of the foregut & midgut.