Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Diff between grey and white matter?
|
Grey amtter is soma
White is myelin (nerve tracts) |
|
|
In PNS, what are ganglia? Nerves? Classify as white or grey matter.
|
Gnaglia: collectino of soma
Nerves: bundles of axons Gang: gray Nerves: white |
|
|
In CNS, list and describe 4 structures that consist of grey matter. 2 for white matter.
|
Neural cortex (surface of brain), centers (collections of soma), nuclei (collections of soma), higher centers (most complex centers in brain)
White: Tracts (bundles of axons) Columns (tracts that form a mass) |
|
|
Label Diag 8
|
1. Dorsal root ganglion
2. Dorsal root 3. White matter 4. Central canal 5. Posterior median sulcus 6. Cervical vertebrae 7. Spinal nerve 8. Ventral root 9. Grey matter 10. Anterior median fissure 11.Thoracic vertebrae 12. Lumbar 13. Sacral |
|
|
Label Diag 10
|
1. White matter
2. Grey amtter 3. Ventral root 4. Spinal nerve 5. Doral root 6. Dorsal root ganglion 7. Arachnoid mater 8. Pia mater 9. Dura mater |
|
|
What is the role of the meninges and what are its three components (in order from outermost to innermost)?
What is dura mater composed of? |
Physical stability, shock absorption.
Dura, arachnoid, pia Dense CT |
|
|
What does the epidural space contain?
|
Loose CT, B vessels, adipose tissue
|
|
|
Label Diag 9
|
1. Vertebral Body
2. Pia mater 3. Dura mater 4. Subarachnoid space 5. Arachnoid mater 6. Rami comunicantes 7. Sympathetic (auton) ganglion 8. Ventral root 9. Ventral ramus 10. SC 11. Adipose in epidural space 12. Ligament 13. Dorsal ramus 14. Dorsal root ganglion |
|
|
Describe the contents and cellular composition of:
Arachnoid Subarachnoid Pia |
Simple squamous, collagen/elastic
CSF, BV Collagen, elastic, simple squamous |
|
|
What kind of information is passed through the dorsal end of the SC? Ventral?
|
Dorsal = Sensory
Ventral = motor |
|
|
Starting from noon, and going in a clockwise manner, describe either the direction of information or the type of information processed in the SC.
|
To brain (afferent)
Somatic Visceral Somatic From frain (efferent) Both directions |
|
|
What are the three layers of nerves? Which contains blood vessels?
|
Epineurium
Perineurium Endoneurium Peri |
|
|
What's a dermatome?
Myotome? |
area of skin that is supplied with the nerve fibers of a single, posterior, spinal root.
A muscle or group of muscles derived from one somite and innervated by a single segment of a spinal nerve. |
|
|
What is a nerve plexus?
Where are they most pronounced? |
networks of interconnecting branching nerves.
Lumbar and Sarcral plexuses (pelvic girdle & leg) |
|
|
Role of sensory neurons?
MNs? INs? |
Deliver info to CNS (can stop at subconscious motor centers in brain, doesn't need higher order always)
Distribute commands to peripheral effectors Interpet info and coordinate responses |
|
|
Label diag 11.
|
1. Divergence
2. Parallel processing 3. Convergence 4. Serial Processing 5. Reverberation |
|
|
Describe the general steps of a reflex arc.
|
1. Arrival stimulus and activation of receptor
2. Activation of SReceptor 3. Message sent rhough dorsal root, fires on IN which processes info 4. Activation of MN via ventral root 5. Response by effector |
|
|
Define the following reflexes:
Innate Acquired Spinal Crainal Somatic Visceral Monosynaptic Polysnaptic |
Genetically determined
Learned Processing in SC Processing in brain Skeletel muscle contractions; superficial/stretch reflexes Smooth, cardiac muscles, glands One synapse Multiple synapses |
|
|
Describe the steps of a stretch response.
|
Stretch of muscle stimulates muscle spindle, activates SN, goes to MN in SC, (gets info processed at MN), activation of MN, contraction of muscle
|
|
|
What kind of response is the patellar reflex?
|
Stretch
|
|
|
What kind of fiber comprises the muscle spindle?
|
Intrafusal
|
|
|
Describe the AP and effect on extrafusal fibers when intrafusal fibers are at resting length, compressed, and stretched
|
Regular, normal muscle tone
Slowed, muscle tone decreases Fast, MTone increases |
|
|
Describe the flexor and crossed extensor reflexes after stepping on a tac.
What kind of synapse is this an example of? |
Painful stimulus, activation of sensory receptor, synapse on IN in SC, inhibits extensors of tac foot and stimulates its flexors, but IN also synapes on MNs to stimulate extensor os opposing leg and inhibit its flexors (to stabilize)
Polysynaptic |
|
|
If motor control involves a series of interacting levels, what is the lowest level? The highest?
|
Mono synaptic reflexes; brain centers that modulate/build motor patterns
|
|
|
Define reinforcement.
Can it be inhibited? Give ex. |
Facilitation that enhances spinal reflexes.
Yes, Babinski reflex replaced by plantar reflex: adult: toes down, infant toes up |
