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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are stories?
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Stories are sacred, it’s both subject and object (text and context), it not only represents Native culture but it is Native culture (we don’t practice Native culture we are Native culture). Stories represent the individual and a collective consciousness.
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What is Oral Tradition?
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Expression of Identity through the spoken word. It is evolving it will always evolve and be part of the culture. Voices of the past and of elders is woven together to be part of the present. provides an account of each groups origins, history, spirituality, lessons of morality, and life skills
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What are the importance of creation stories?
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They bear witness to how women and men were created and how they populated the land. It is important to note that these descriptions of beginnings are a varied as the cultures. Each culture has their own creation story. But what’s common, the underpinning belief in all stories, is that they maintain life began on the North American Continent. “I have lived here since the world began.”
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What is Collective Narrative Memory?
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Collective memory that links grandparents with grandchildren. Puts singular lives into the larger context.
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Who are the Subartic societies in Saskatchewan?
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Dene, Cree, and Metis
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How did the Indigenous people have control over their environment?
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Seasonal Burning- Enrich natural environment, mark territory, herd animals
Weirs- alter water flow, pool fish Travel in smaller groups during winter to find more food |
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How did the horse & gun change the plains?
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Culture of raiding- Horses stolen to prove braveness. Became a sign of prestige and status. Changed warfare and hunting
Horse & Gun were added to the culture, didn't change world views just made life easier |
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Who are the Assiniboine?
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Branch of the Nakota, part of the Sioux nation. Allies of the Cree. Known as the Stoney and spoke the Siouxean language.
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Who are the Blackfoot?
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The Blackfoot are part of a confederacy, the Blackfoot Confederacy. Blackfoot proper are the core group of the confedecary: Siska, Blood (kinai), Piegan, and T’su Ti’sina (Sarcee). Are all part of the same language group, Algonquian language group (Cree are also part of the group).
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Who are the Gros Ventre or Atsina?
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They are originally from the Red River Valley of North Dakota. Split into a couple of different groups and in 1964 they migrated across the prairie around the Sask River Fork, and the became allied with the Blackfoot. They are traditional allies with the Blackfoot which makes them enemies with the Cree and Assiniboine. Like the Blackfoot they are part of the Algonquian language group.
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Who are the Cree?
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Largest group of the Western plains. Part of the Algonquian language group. Many different dialects
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Who are the Salteaux?
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Branch of Ojibwa or Anishnabe. Traditionally from the great lakes area and moved to prairies. Became allies of the Cree and Assiniboine. Spoke Algonquian
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Who are the Sioux?
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Large nation of which the Assiniboine are a part of. Traditonally made up of Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. These three aspects refer to language division in the Sioux group. The Sioux nation was traditionally made up of seven individual bands which represented the seven council fires. Which make up a political confederacy. But they also represent the seven stages of life in a spiritual sense. The Sioux spread out over the great plains
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Who are the Dene?
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Subarctic people. They speak an Athabascan language, language group the Carrier people are part of. Dene were traditional enemies of the Cree and the Inuit
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Who are the Crow?
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Traditionally agriculturalist who grew primarily corn, less migratory. They move into land that is not their own, they need to make it theirs. The Crow become a new nation of warriors, they become migratory by necessity. They speak Sioux.
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Who are the Metis?
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Are a new people born of the interaction between European Fur traders and Indigenous groups. Characterized by a mixed racial heritage with an extensive homeland. Linguistically Metis are also quite diverse, developed their own language Michif. A blend of French nouns and Cree verbs. Originally a worldview that was similar to their Aboriginal roots. Collective identity rather than an individual one.
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What happened in 1816 and what was it's importance?
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1816 was the Battle of Seven Oaks. Marks the birth of the Metis Nation. Metis fought for their rights over trade, when settlers tried to intercept the Metis a fight broke out. Metis won
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What is the HBC Monopoly period 1821-1825?
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Company would not allow any trade in furs that weren't funnelled through them. This was threading Metis livelihood, they were free traders with no ties to either company.
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What is the Importance of the Sawyer Trial?
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Metis rallied together when their people were arrested for free trading. Won court cause and ended up braking the Monopoly
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What are treaties?
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An agreement between Nations. Had to do with trade or allegiances. Numbered treaties and other treaties with Euro had to do with territory
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How did Europeans and Canadians view treaties?
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Euro's believed that the FN people were conquered and thus subjected to their rule.
Canadian government saw it as FN surrendering the land to them. |
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How did FN view treaties?
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Entering into treaty was a way of extending kinship. Bring Creator into treaty making, spiritual aspect. Sharing the land, equal nations.
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What are some basic treaty rights?
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-Establishment of Reserve
- Annual payment of $5 - Prohibition of Alcohol on Res. -Establishment of Schools -Protection of hunting, fishing, and trapping rights on the lands given up -Aid for beginning farmers -Medical care |
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Why did FN decide to enter treaties?
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-Knew traditional way of life was changing
-Ensure survival of people |
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What is the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
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-Treaty signed by France and Britain, after British defeated France in the 7years war
-Basically recognized FN title to land and sought to protect them -Specified that only British Government could by FN land or negotiate treaties -Recognized sovereignty of FN people -Most important document that supports FN pre-ownership to land that are not purchased or surrendered under a treaty |
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What is the British North American Act of 1867?
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-In essence Canada's First Constitution
-Established that only the federal gov. had the right to make regulations addressing FN and their Land -Made FN people a federal responsibility (wards of the state) -Fed gov. had the responsibility to continue administrations of the affairs of FN people and their issues (Department of Indian Affairs) |
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What is the Indian Act of 1876?
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-Put together without consultation of FN
-Denied FN the privilege of citizenship unless they gave of their Indian Status -Controlled every aspect of FN life |
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What was John A. McDonald's plan as PM?
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-Fill the west with settlers so America didn't take over
-Send a police force to the whisky traders, wolf hunters, FN, and Metis in order -Construct a railway -Improve protective Tariff |
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What is Script?
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- Compensation for loss lands for Metis
-Granted to individuals, case by case -Script land was seen better then treaty because you owned the land and could sell it -However, Metis got screwed over |
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What is the League of Indians of Canada?
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-Initiated by Fredrick Loft-Mohawk
-Initially formed to advocate for veterans rights -Inspiration for many numerous Aboriginal advocates groups |
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Who are Jim Brady and Malcolm Norris?
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-Began to organize Metis groups
-Encourage Metis to be independent of Gov. assistance -Promoted self-determination |
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What did the Saskatchewan Metis Society focus on?
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-Education
-Relief -Land -Rights -Script process was a fraud |
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What is Bill C-31?
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-Intends to end discrimination under Indian Act
-Restores status to people who lost it -Bands control membership -Women received lost status and was able to pass it to children |
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What was the Hawthorn Report?
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-Written by Anthropologist Harry Hawthron, investigated the social, education, and economical conditions of FN people
-Made a list of suggestions -Treat FN as citizens plus -Abandon all assimilation projects -Indian Affairs should be advocates for FN, instead of controlling them -Etc. |
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What was the 1969 White Paper?
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-Trudeau's government wanted to eliminate special status FN had through Indian Act and Treaties
-Make them normal citizens, total assimilation -This brought FN across the country together to fight against this bill |
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What is the Red Paper of 1969?
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-FN rebuttal to White Paper
-Moving in the direction towards Self-determination and self-government -Same rights as Canadians but additional rights, citizens plus -Wanted to be included in decision making and to be able to make decisions for themselves |
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What is the period of Resistance and Renewal in the 20th Century?
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- FN people have been victimized but they rarely act as victims
-They ave carried on, they are survivors -Made the best of their situation -They have fought back and found (and continue to find) ways to heal in the most dire of circumstances |
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What is the Constitution Express?
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- Has to do with Fn in Canada making their voices heard about Canadian Constitution
-Two trains starting from Vancouver went to Ottawa to publicize their concern about FN rights being placed in the Canadian Constitution -Initially didn't have an impact on Trudeau's position -But FN carried on to the United Nations in NY to make case known -Section C35 added to Canadian Constitution |
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What is the importance of Section C 35 in the Canadian Constitution?
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-Recognizes and affirms the Aboriginal and treaty rights
-Includes an obligation to consult Indigenous people in decision making |
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What happened with the 1990 Oka Crisis?
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-78 day armed standoff between Mohawk and the fed and provincial gov
-Attention of the whole world focused on this even, Mohawk people had support from Indigenous around the world |
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What were the four main concerns in the first Federal Commission?
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-Need for new relationship between Ab. and Non-Ab
-Aboriginal self determination through self-government -Economic Self sufficiency -Healing for Aboriginal people and commuties |
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Who was Louis Riel?
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-A Metis leader who fought for the rights of his people
-Was involved in both the Red River Rebellion (1869) and the NWR (1885) as a leader -He was a Canadian Politician and a founder of Manitoba -Sought to preserve Metis rights and culture as their homeland was constantly under threat by settlers and Canadian government |
