Ns 201 - Team Exam #1

Front 1

cellular organization

Back 1

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell
"all organism consist of one or more cells. often too tiny to see, cells carry out the basic activities of living. each cell is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings"

Front 2

ordered complexity

Back 2

all living things are both complex and highly ordered - non-living things may also be complex but d NOT exhibit this degree of ordered complexity

Front 3

sensitivity

Back 3

all organisms respond to stimuli

Front 4

energy utilization

Back 4

metabolize

Front 5

homeostasis

Back 5

all organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment

Front 6

evolutionary adaptation

Back 6

all organism interact with other organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival and as a consequence help them to adapt

Front 7

seven characteristics shared by living systems

Back 7

cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, growth/reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation

H.E.A.R.S.O.C

Front 8

hierarchical organization

Back 8

1. Cellular Level: atoms. molecules, organelles, cells
2. Organismal Level: tissues (groups of similar cells that function as a unit), organs system, organism
3. Populational Level: population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere
4. Ecosystem Level: ecosystem
5. Emergent Properties: these result from the way in which components interact
6. Biosphere: the whole planet

Front 9

Deductive Reasoning

Back 9

applies general principles to predict specific results - used to test the validity of general ideas in all branches of knowledge

Front 10

Inductive reasoning

Back 10

uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles

Front 11

Hypothesis

Back 11

A suggested explanation that accounts to those observations. It is iterative (it can be changed and refined with new data)

Front 12

Establishing Controls

Back 12

test experiment: one variable is altered in a known way to test a hypothesis - in the control experiment, the variable is left unaltered

Front 13

Reductionism

Back 13

understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts - this is the general approach of biochemistry but it has limits.

Front 14

Darwins contribution to evolution

Back 14

theory of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

Front 15

Thomas Malthus

Back 15

an essay on the principle of population
"populations of plants and animals tend to increase geometrically while humans are able to increase their food supply only arithmetically"

-population increases by a multiplying factor, food supplies increase by an additive factor

Front 16

cell theory

Back 16

all living organisms consist of cells - foundation for understanding reproduction and growth of all organisms

Front 17

DNA

Back 17

deoxyrobnucleis acid - specified sequences of these (the simplest cell) make up a gene (a discrete unit of information)

Front 18

human genome

Back 18

3 billion nuceloetides long made up in 2001

Front 19

Division of diversity in domains

Back 19

1. Bacteria
2. Archea
-both are single celled organisms with little internal structure (prokaryotes)
3. Eukarya
-made up of organisms composed of a complex, organized cell or multiple complex cells (eukaryotes)

Front 20

Eukarya

Back 20

within are four main groups (kingdoms)
-plantae
-fungi
-animalia
-protista

Front 21

matter

Back 21

any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space, composed of small particles called atoms

Front 22

atomic structure

Back 22

includes a central nucleus and orbiting electrons

Front 23

atomic number

Back 23

defines the atom by the number of protons

Front 24

element

Back 24

any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means

Front 25

atomic mass

Back 25

equal to the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons, measured in daltons

Front 26

neutral atoms

Back 26

have the same number of protons and electrons

Front 27

electrons

Back 27

maintain in their orbitals due to their attraction to positively charged nucleus

Front 28

ions

Back 28

atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons

Front 29

cation

Back 29

an atom with more protons than electrons, positively charged

Front 30

anion

Back 30

more electrons than protons, negatively charged

Front 31

Isotope

Back 31

atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

-sometimes goes through radioactive decay (nucleus breaks up)

Front 32

electron/energy

Back 32

amount of energy an electron possesses is related to its distance from the nucleus

Front 33

oxidation vs. reduction

Back 33

oxidation: the loss of an electron
reduction: the gain of an electron

Front 34

inert

Back 34

elements possessing all eight electrons in their outer most energy level (aka nonreactive) - these elements are termed noble gases

Front 35

octet rule

Back 35

rule of eight, atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels

Front 36

trace amounts

Back 36

of all 90 elements only 12 are found in living systems with more than trace amounts (atomic numbers less than 21)

Front 37

organic compounds

Back 37

CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) make up 96.3% of your body

Front 38

molecule

Back 38

a group of atoms help together by energy in a stable association

Front 39

compound

Back 39

a molecule containing atoms of more than one element

Front 40

chemical bonds

Back 40

combine the atoms in a molecule

Front 41

ionic bonds

Back 41

form when atoms with opposite chemical charges attract

Front 42

covalent bonds

Back 42

form when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

Front 43

electronegativity

Back 43

an atoms affinity for electrons - in general electronegativity increases left to right in a row and decreases down (upper-right corner have highest)

Front 44

influences on chemical reactions

Back 44

temperature, concentration of reactants and products, and catalysts (enzymes)

Front 45

hydrogen bonds

Back 45

weak chemical associations in water - water is a HIGHLY polar molecule

Front 46

cohesive

Back 46

water molecules attract each other due to their polarity - this cohesion is also responsible for surface tension (why small insects can walk)

Front 47

adhesion

Back 47

the attraction water has for other polar substances (this is why oil doesn't get wet)

Front 48

specific heat

Back 48

water has a high specific heat because it is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by 1 gram of substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius

Front 49

heat of vaporization

Back 49

the amount of energy required to change 1 gram of substance into gas (from liquid)

Front 50

water organizes non-polar molecules

Back 50

hydrophobic: shrinking from contact with water
hydrophilic: polar molecules which readily form hydrogen bonds with water (love-water)

Front 51

pH scale

Back 51

way to express the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution ("partial hydrogen") the pH inside most living things is close to 7

Front 52

mole

Back 52

the weight in the substance of grams that corresponds to the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of that substance

Front 53

acids

Back 53

any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+ ions and lower the pH

Front 54

bases

Back 54

a substance that combines with H+ ions when disolved in water and thus lowers the H+

Front 55

buffer

Back 55

a substance that resists changes in pH