Nrs 200 Pp Key Terms Test 1

Front 1

Assessment

Back 1

First step of the nursing process. Activities required in the first step are data collection, data validation, data sorting, and data documentation; the purpose is to gather information for health problem identification.

Front 2

Back channeling

Back 2

Active listening techniques that indicate that the nurse has heard what the client says.

Front 3

Closed-ended question

Back 3

Question that limits the client's answers to one or two words; used to clarify previous information or provide additional information.

Front 4

Database

Back 4

Information about a client's level of health, health practices, past illnesses, present illnesses, and physical examination combined to serve as the basis for the plan of care.

Front 5

Functional health patterns

Back 5

Method for organizing assessment data based on the level of client function in specific areas (e.g., mobility).

Front 6

Inference

Back 6

Taking one proposition as a given and guessing that another proposition follows.

Front 7

Interview

Back 7

Type of communication with a client that is initiated for a specific purpose and focused on a specific content area.

Front 8

Norm

Back 8

Measure of a phenomenon generally accepted as the ideal standard performance against which other measures of the phenomenon may be measured.

Front 9

Nurse-client relationship

Back 9

Association between the nurse and the client; involves a mutual concern for the well-being of the client.

Front 10

Nursing health history

Back 10

Data collected about a client's present level of wellness, changes in the client's life patterns, sociocultural role, and mental and emotional reactions to an illness.

Front 11

Nursing process

Back 11

Systematic problem-solving method by which nurses individualize care for each client. The five steps of the nursing process are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Front 12

Objective data

Back 12

Data relating to a client's health problem that are obtained through observation or diagnostic measurements.

Front 13

Open-ended questions

Back 13

Inquiries aimed at obtaining a full client response and discussion between the client and the nurse.

Front 14

Physical examination

Back 14

Scrutiny of all body parts through the use of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Front 15

Problem-seeking interview

Back 15

An interview technique that uses probing questions to encourage the client or caregiver to provide information from and about the client to more fully describe and identify the client's specific problems.

Front 16

Review of systems

Back 16

Systematic method for collecting data on all body systems.

Front 17

Standard

Back 17

Measure or guide that serves as a basis for comparison when evaluating similar phenomena or substances.

Front 18

Subjective data

Back 18

Data relating to a client's health problem that are given in the client's own words.

Front 19

Acne

Back 19

Inflammatory papulopustular skin eruption, usually occurring on the face, neck, shoulders, and upper back.

Front 20

Acromegaly

Back 20

Chronic metabolic condition caused by overproduction of growth hormone and characterized by gradual, marked enlargement and elongation of bones of the face, jaw, and extremities.

Front 21

activities of daily living (ADLs)

Back 21

Activities usually performed in the course of a normal day in the client's life, such as eating, dressing, bathing, brushing the teeth, and grooming.

Front 22

activity tolerance

Back 22

Type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform.

Front 23

adventitious sounds

Back 23

Abnormal lung sounds heard with auscultation.

Front 24

Aerobic

Back 24

Of or pertaining to the presence of air or oxygen; requiring oxygen for the maintenance of life.

Front 25

Afebrile

Back 25

Without fever.

Front 26

Afterload

Back 26

Resistance to ventricular ejection.

Front 27

air pollution

Back 27

Contamination of the environmental atmosphere with substances known as pollutants, which are not normally found in the air.

Front 28

Allen's test

Back 28

Test for the patency of the radial artery. The client's hand is formed into a fist while the nurse compresses the ulnar artery. Compression of the ulnar artery is continued while the fist is opened. If blood perfusion through the radial artery is adequate, the hand should flush and resume normal pinkish coloration.

Front 29

Alopecia

Back 29

Partial or complete loss of hair; baldness.

Front 30

Ambularm

Back 30

Safety device that alerts health care personnel that a client is attempting to get up. Provides an alternative to restraints.

Front 31

amino acids

Back 31

Building blocks that construct proteins; the end products of protein digestion.

Front 32

Anabolism

Back 32

Constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter.

Front 33

Anaerobic

Back 33

Absence of oxygen.

Front 34

Aneurysm

Back 34

Localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel, usually caused by arteriosclerosis, hypertension, or a congenital weakness in the vessel wall.

Front 35

angina pectoris

Back 35

Episodic chest pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia as a result of artherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Pain radiates down the inner aspect of the left arm and is often accompanied by feeling of suffocation and impending death.

Front 36

Anorexia

Back 36

Condition in which ill or debilitated clients have poor appetites.

Front 37

anorexia nervosa

Back 37

Disease characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and an abnormal fear of becoming obese.

Front 38

antagonistic muscles

Back 38

Group of muscles that work together to bring about movement at a joint.

Front 39

anthropometric measurements

Back 39

Measures of height, weight, and skinfold thickness to evaluate muscle atrophy.

Front 40

antibodies

Back 40

Immunoglobulins essential to the immune system that are produced by lymphoid tissue in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens.

Front 41

antigen

Back 41

Substance (usually a protein) that causes the formation of an antibody and that reacts specifically with that antibody.

Front 42

antigravity muscles

Back 42

Muscles involved with joint stabilization. These muscles continually oppose the effect of gravity on the body and permit a person to maintain an upright or sitting posture.

Front 43

Antipyretic

Back 43

Of or pertaining to a substance or procedure that reduces fever.

Front 44

Anuria

Back 44

Cessation of urine production.

Front 45

Aphasia

Back 45

Neurological disorder influencing the production and understanding of language.

Front 46

apical impulse

Back 46

Point at which the apex of the heart touches the anterior chest wall; best site for auscultation of heart sounds; also called the point of maximal impulse (PMI).

Front 47

apocrine gland

Back 47

One of the large, deep exocrine glands located in the axillary, anal, genital, and mammary areas of the body; secretes sweat that has a strong odor.

Front 48

arcus senilis

Back 48

Thin white ring along the margin of the iris.

Front 49

artificial immunity

Back 49

Immunity that follows the receipt of a vaccine, such as occurs with a tetanus or polio vaccine.

Front 50

Asepsis

Back 50

Absence of germs or microorganisms.

Front 51

Asystole

Back 51

A life-threatening cardiac condition characterized by the absence of electrical and mechanical activity in the heart.

Front 52

Atelectasis

Back 52

Collapse of alveoli, preventing the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 53

Atherosclerosis

Back 53

Common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of the large- and medium-sized arteries.

Front 54

Atrophy

Back 54

Wasting or diminution of size or physiological activity of a part of the body caused by disease or other influences.

Front 55

Aura

Back 55

Sensation, as of light or warmth, that may proceed an attack of migraine or epileptic seizure.

Front 56

auscultatory gap

Back 56

Disappearance of sound when obtaining a blood pressure: typically occurs between the first and second Korotkoff sounds.

Front 57

Bactericidal

Back 57

Destructive to bacteria.

Front 58

Bacteriostasis

Back 58

State in which the development or reproduction of bacteria is suspended.

Front 59

Bacteriuria

Back 59

Presence of bacteria in the urine.

Front 60

basal cell carcinoma

Back 60

Malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule and enlarges peripherally, developing a central crater that erodes, crusts, and bleeds. Metastasis is rare. Primary cause is excessive exposure to the sun or to x-rays.

Front 61

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 61

Amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions.

Front 62

bed rest

Back 62

Placement of the client in bed for therapeutic reasons for a prescribed period.

Front 63

bioelectrical impedance analysis

Back 63

Method of measuring the fat composition of the body, as compared with other tissues, by its resistance to electricity.

Front 64

Biopsy

Back 64

Removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination.

Front 65

Bioterrorism

Back 65

The use of biological agents to create fear and threat.

Front 66

blood pressure (BP)

Back 66

Pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries, veins, and chambers of the heart. The pressure in the aorta and the large arteries of a healthy young adult is approximately 120 mm Hg during systole and 70 mm Hg during diastole.

Front 67

body alignment

Back 67

The individual's center of gravity is stable, and body strain is minimized.

Front 68

body mass index (BMI)

Back 68

Measurement of weight, corrected for height, which serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships.

Front 69

body mechanics

Back 69

Coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment.

Front 70

Bolus

Back 70

Round mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed.

Front 71

Borborygmi

Back 71

Audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis.

Front 72

bowel training

Back 72

Program of exercises through which the client gains control of bowel reflexes by setting up a daily routine, attempting to defecate at the same time each day, and using measures that promote defecation.

Front 73

Bradycardia

Back 73

Slower than normal heart rate; heart contracts fewer than 60 times per minute.

Front 74

broad-spectrum antibiotics

Back 74

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of infectious microorganisms.

Front 75

Bronchophony

Back 75

Increase in intensity and clarity of the vocal resonance that may result from an increase in the lung tissue density, such as in the consolidation of pneumonia.

Front 76

Bronchoscopy

Back 76

Visual examination of the tracheal and bronchial tree using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.

Front 77

Bruit

Back 77

Abnormal sound or murmur heard while auscultating an organ, gland, or artery.

Front 78

buccal glands

Back 78

Found in the mucosa lining of cheeks and mouth, they secrete saliva to maintain the hygiene and comfort of oral tissues.

Front 79

bulimia nervosa

Back 79

Insatiable craving for fond, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating that are followed by purging, depression, and self-deprivation.

Front 80

Calorie

Back 80

Amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1° C at atmospheric pressure; a kilocalorie or large calorie, which is used to represent energy values of food, is 1000 times as large as the small calorie, the unit used in physics to describe energy exchange in the body.

Front 81

Carbohydrate

Back 81

Dietary classification of food such as sugars, starches, cellulose, and gum.

Front 82

carbon monoxide (CO)

Back 82

Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by the combustion of carbon or organic fuels.(39)

Front 83

cardiac catheterization

Back 83

Diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is introduced into a large vein, usually of an arm or leg, and threaded through the circulatory system to the heart.(39)

Front 84

cardiac index (CI)

Back 84

Adequacy of the cardiac output of an individual.(31, 39)

Front 85

cardiac output

Back 85

Volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart; equal to the amount of blood ejected at each beat (the stroke output) multiplied by the number of beats in the period of time used in the computation.(39)

Front 86

cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

Back 86

Process of actively assisting the cardiopulmonary client to achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutritional counseling, relaxation and stress management techniques, prescribed medication, oxygen therapy, and adherence to the rehabilitation program.(39)

Front 87

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Back 87

Basic emergency procedures for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage.(32, 38)

Front 88

Caries

Back 88

Abnormal condition of a tooth, characterized by decay.(33)

Front 89

Carriers

Back 89

Animals or persons who harbor and spread a disease-causing organism but who do not become ill.(36, 46)

Front 90

Cartilage

Back 90

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue located mainly in the joints and in the thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.(36, 46)

Front 91

cartilaginous joint

Back 91

Slightly moveable, highly elastic cartilage that unites bony surfaces.(43)

Front 92

catabolism

Back 92

Complex metabolic process in which energy is liberated for use in work, energy, storage, or heat production by oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; carbon dioxide and water, as well as energy, are produced.(45)

Front 93

cathartic

Back 93

Drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation.(44)

Front 94

catheterization

Back 94

Introduction of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to inject or remove fluid.(40, 45)

Front 95

cations

Back 95

Positively charged electrolytes.(31)

Front 96

center of gravity

Back 96

Midpoint or center of the weight of a body or object.(32, 38)

Front 97

cerumen

Back 97

A yellow, waxy substance produced by sweat glands in the external ear canal. This is normal.(32)

Front 98

chancre

Back 98

Small open ulcer that drains serous material; found on genitalia, associated with syphilis.(32)

Front 99

cherry angiomas

Back 99

Ruby red papules of the skin.(39, 46)

Front 100

chest physiotherapy (CPT)

Back 100

Group of therapies used to mobilize pulmonary secretions.(39)

Front 101

chest tube

Back 101

Catheter inserted through the thorax into the chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.(32)

Front 102

cholecystitis

Back 102

Inflammation of the gallbladder; may be acute or chronic.(43, 45)

Front 103

chyme

Back 103

Viscous, semifluid contents of the stomach present during digestion of a meal that eventually pass into the intestines.(32)

Front 104

cirrhosis

Back 104

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.(32)

Front 105

clubbing

Back 105

Bulging of the tissues at the nail base due to insufficient oxygenation at the periphery resulting from conditions such as chronic emphysema and congenital heart disease.(45)

Front 106

colitis

Back 106

Inflammatory condition of the large intestine.(33)

Front 107

colonizing

Back 107

Referring to the establishment of a mass of microorganisms, often nonpathogenic, in or on the body.(45)

Front 108

colostomy

Back 108

Surgical formation of an opening of the colon onto the surface of the abdomen through which fecal matter is emptied.(33)

Front 109

communicable disease

Back 109

Any disease that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another by direct or indirect contact or by vectors.(33)

Front 110

Celsius

Back 110

Denotes a temperature scale in which 0° is the freezing point of water and 100° is the boiling point of water at sea level.(36)

Front 111

Complement

Back 111

Inactive protein compound found in blood serum that is activated when an antigen and an antibody bind together. After a complement is activated, a rapid sequence of catalytic activity changes the shape of antigenic cells.(43)

Front 112

complementary proteins

Back 112

Pairs of incomplete proteins that, when combined, supply the total amount of protein provided by complete protein sources.(38)

Front 113

complete bed bath

Back 113

Bath given to clients who are totally dependent and require total hygiene care.(46)

Front 114

concentric tension

Back 114

Increased muscle contraction resulting in muscle shortening with movement resulting.(31)

Front 115

conduction

Back 115

Transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact.(32)

Front 116

conjunctivitis

Back 116

Highly contagious eye infection; the crusty drainage that collects on eyelid margins can easily spread from one eye to the other.(45)

Front 117

constipation

Back 117

Condition characterized by difficulty in passing stool or an infrequent passage of hard stool.(31)

Front 118

convection

Back 118

Transfer of heat away by air movement.(31)

Front 119

core temperature

Back 119

Temperature of deep body tissues and organs.(45)

Front 120

Crohn's disease

Back 120

Disease involving inflammation of the small intestine.(36)

Front 121

crutch gait

Back 121

Gait assumed by a person on crutches by alternately bearing weight on one or both legs and on the crutches.(38)

Front 122

cuticle

Back 122

Fold of skin that hides the root of the nail.(32, 39)

Front 123

cyanosis

Back 123

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in hemoglobin.(44)

Front 124

cystitis

Back 124

Inflammation of the urinary bladder characterized by pain, urgency, and frequency of urination.(32)

Front 125

cystocele

Back 125

Portion of the vaginal wall and bladder that has prolapsed or fallen into the anterior vaginal orifice.(33)

Front 126

Cytolysis

Back 126

Rupturing of a cell wall, usually occurring after water or ions have entered the cell.(43)

Front 127

daily values

Back 127

Set of dietary standards for eight nutrients and food categories.(45)

Front 128

defecation

Back 128

Passage of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum.(32)

Front 129

dermatitis

Back 129

Inflammation of skin characterized by itching, redness, and skin lesions.(38, 47)

Front 130

dermis

Back 130

Layer of skin just below the epidermis that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles.(31)

Front 131

diaphoresis

Back 131

Secretion of sweat, especially profuse secretion associated with an elevated body temperature, physical exertion, or emotional stress.(39)

Front 132

diaphragmatic breathing

Back 132

Respiration in which the abdomen moves out while the diaphragm descends on inspiration.(45)

Front 133

diarrhea

Back 133

Increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces.(31)

Front 134

diastolic pressure

Back 134

Minimum level of blood pressure measured between contractions of the heart.(43)

Front 135

dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

Back 135

Format presenting a range of acceptable intake in place of absolute values.(33)

Front 136

disinfection

Back 136

Process of killing pathogenic organisms.(32)

Front 137

distention

Back 137

Swelling of a body cavity; may be caused by fluid, gas, or a mass.(46)

Front 138

disuse osteoporosis

Back 138

A decline is bone density that is associated with impaired mobility or immobilization of an extremity because of fracture, paralysis, or bone or joint inflammation.(44)

Front 139

Diuresis

Back 139

Increased formation and excretion of urine.(45)

Front 140

Diverticula

Back 140

Pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ; may be present in the stomach, small intestine, or the colon (most common).(43)

Front 141

Dysphagia

Back 141

Difficulty swallowing.(39)

Front 142

Dyspnea

Back 142

Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing that may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions or strenuous exercise.(31, 32, 39)

Front 143

Dysrhythmia

Back 143

Heartbeat that deviates from the normal pattern.(44)

Front 144

Dysuria

Back 144

Painful urination resulting from bacterial infection of the bladder and obstructive conditions of the urethra.(46)

Front 145

eccentric tension

Back 145

Tension that helps control the speed and direction of movement.(38)

Front 146

eccrine

Back 146

Two types of sweat glands; eccrine glands are present throughout the dermal layer of the skin and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretions.(39)

Front 147

echocardiography

Back 147

Diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasonic waves for studying the structure and motion of the heart.(32)

Front 148

ectropion

Back 148

Eversion of the eyelid that exposes the conjunctival membrane and part of the eyeball.(32)

Front 149

eczema

Back 149

Superficial dermatitis of unknown cause.(32, 33, 40, 47)

Front 150

Edema

Back 150

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.(38)

Front 151

Edentulous

Back 151

Toothless.(38, )

Front 152

Effleurage

Back 152

Long, slow, gliding strokes of massage.(45)

Front 153

Effluent

Back 153

A liquid, solid, or gaseous discharge from the ostomy. Usually composed of fecal material.(39)

Front 154

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Back 154

Graphic record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.(46)

Front 155

embolus

Back 155

A foreign object, a quantity of air or gas, a bit of tissue or tumor, or a piece of thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel.(33)

Front 156

endogenous infection

Back 156

Infection produced within a cell or organism.(45)

Front 157

endoscopy

Back 157

Visualization of the interior of body organs and cavities with an endoscope.(45)

Front 158

enema

Back 158

Procedure involving introduction of a solution into the rectum for cleansing or therapeutic purposes.(43)

Front 159

enteral nutrition (EN)

Back 159

Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract when the client cannot ingest, chew, or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients.(45)

Front 160

enterostomal therapist

Back 160

Nurse that is specially trained in the treatment of clients with ostomies.(32)

Front 161

entropion

Back 161

Condition in which the eyelid turns inward toward the eye.(38)

Front 162

enucleation

Back 162

Removal of an eyeball as a result o f tumor growth, severe infection, or eye trauma.(23, 37)

Front 163

Environment

Back 163

Physical circumstances in which a person works or lives; can increase the likelihood that certain illnesses will occur (e.g. some kinds of cancer and other diseases are mo re likely to develop when industrial workers are exposed to certain chemicals or when people live near toxic waste disposal sites).(43)

Front 164

Enzymes

Back 164

Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions in organic matter.(33)

Front 165

Epidemiology

Back 165

Study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease.(38, 47)

Front 166

Epidermis

Back 166

Superficial avascular layers of the skin made up of an outer, dead, cornified portion of cells and a deeper, living, cellular portion.(32)

Front 167

Erythema

Back 167

Redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that is a result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries; sunburn is an example.(44)

Front 168

Erythropoietin

Back 168

Glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia.(43)

Front 169

essential amino acids

Back 169

Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize but must have provided by the diet.(31)

Front 170

eupnea

Back 170

Normal respiration that is quiet, effortless, and rhythmic.(31)

Front 171

evaporation

Back 171

Transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to gas.(32, 45)

Front 172

excoriation

Back 172

Injury to the skin's surface caused by abrasion.(36, 46)

Front 173

exercise

Back 173

Performance of any physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the body, improving health, maintaining fitness, or as a therapeutic measure.(39)

Front 174

exercise stress test

Back 174

Evaluation of the client's cardiopulmonary endurance during physical activity. An ECG and an analysis of respiratory function are usually performed during the test.(33)

Front 175

exogenous infection

Back 175

Infection originating outside an organ or part.(32)

Front 176

exophthalmos

Back 176

Abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs.(32)

Front 177

exostosis

Back 177

Abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone.(33, 47)

Front 178

exudates

Back 178

Fluid, cells, or other substances that have been slowly discharged from cells or blood vessels through small pores or breaks in cell membranes.(31)

Front 179

Fahrenheit

Back 179

Scale for the measurement of temperature in which the boiling point of water is 212° and the freezing point is 32° at sea level.(43)

Front 180

fat-soluble vitamins

Back 180

Organic compounds essential for normal physiological and metabolic functioning; classified on the basis of their fat solubility.(43)

Front 181

fatty acids

Back 181

Nutrients composed of chains of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and a methyl group at the other.(31)

Front 182

febrile

Back 182

Pertaining to or characterized by an elevated body temperature.(45)

Front 183

fecal occult blood test

Back 183

A common laboratory test that measures microscopic amounts of blood in feces.(31)

Front 184

fever

Back 184

Elevation of the hypothalamic set point so that body temperature is regulated at a higher level.(31)

Front 185

fever of unknown origin (FUO)

Back 185

Refers to a fever whose cause cannot be determined.(43, 45)

Front 186

fiber

Back 186

Nutrient that contains cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin; sources are mainly fruits and vegetables.(45)

Front 187

fiberoptic endoscope

Back 187

Optical instrument with a lens viewer, a long flexible tube, and a light source at the end. It allows for viewing of structures at the tip of the tube and for the insertion of special instruments for biopsy.(32)

Front 188

fibrocystic breast disease

Back 188

Condition characterized by lumpy, sore breasts and sometimes nipple discharge. Symptoms are more apparent before the menstrual period.(36, 46)

Front 189

fibrous joint

Back 189

Tough layer of fibrous connective tissue that binds bones firmly together.(46)

Front 190

flat bones

Back 190

Bones providing for structural contours of the skeleton.(45)

Front 191

flatulence

Back 191

Condition characterized by the accumulation of gas within the lumen of the intestines.(37)

Front 192

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Back 192

Federal agency responsible for the enforcement of federal regulations regarding the manufacture and distribution of food, drugs, and cosmetics to ensure protection against the sale of impure or dangerous substances.(37)

Front 193

food poisoning

Back 193

Toxic processes resulting from the ingestion of a food contaminated by toxic substances or by bacteria containing toxins.(36)

Front 194

foot board

Back 194

Board placed perpendicular to the mattress and parallel to and touching the plantar surface of the client's foot to maintain dorsiflexion of the feet.(46)

Front 195

footdrop

Back 195

Abnormal neuromuscular condition of the lower leg and foot characterized by an inability to dorsiflex or evert the foot.(46)

Front 196

fracture

Back 196

Breakage of bone caused by violence to the body; disruption of bone tissue continuity.(36, 46, 47)

Front 197

friction

Back 197

Effect of rubbing or the resistance that a moving body meets from the surface on which it moves; a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.(31)

Front 198

frostbite

Back 198

Traumatic effect of extreme cold on the skin and subcutaneous tissues; first manifested by distinct pallor.(36, 46)

Front 199

gait

Back 199

Manner or style of walking, including rhythm, cadence, and speed.(46)

Front 200

gait belt

Back 200

Leather belt that encircles the waist and has handles attached for the nurse to hold.(45)

Front 201

gastroscopy

Back 201

Diagnostic procedure that allows visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; also called endoscopy.(38)

Front 202

Gingivitis

Back 202

Inflammatory condition in which the gums are red, swollen, and bleeding.(43)

Front 203

Gluconeogenesis

Back 203

Formation of glucose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrates, such as proteins or lipids.(43)

Front 204

Glycogenesis

Back 204

Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.(43)

Front 205

Glycogenolysis

Back 205

Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water.(32)

Front 206

Goniometer

Back 206

Device that measures the precise degree of motion in a particular joint and is used mainly in clients who have a suspected reduction in joint movement. The instrument has two flexible arms with a 180-degree protractor in the center.(33, 47)

Front 207

granulation tissue

Back 207

Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue that form during the healing process in a wound that is not healing by primary intention.(38)

Front 208

halitosis

Back 208

Offensive breath resulting from poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infection, ingestion of certain foods, or systemic disease.(33)

Front 209

hand hygiene

Back 209

CDC-recommended approaches for cleansing of the hands involving the use of an instant alcohol hand antiseptic before and after providing client care, hand washing with soap and water when hands are visibly soiled, or performing a surgical scrub.(33)

Front 210

hand washing

Back 210

Vigorous, brief rubbing together of all surfaces of hands lathered in soap, followed by rinsing under a stream of water.(31)

Front 211

heat exhaustion

Back 211

Abnormal condition characterized by weakness, vertigo, nausea, muscle cramps, and loss of consciousness; caused by depletion of body fluid and electrolytes resulting from exposure to intense heat or the inability to acclimatize to heat.(31)

Front 212

Heatstroke

Back 212

Severe and sometimes fatal condition resulting from the failure of the temperature-regulating capacity of the body; caused by prolonged exposure to the sun or high temperatures.(39)

Front 213

Hematemesis

Back 213

Vomiting of blood; indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding.(31)

Front 214

Hematocrit

Back 214

Measure of the packed cell volume of red cells, expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume.(44)

Front 215

Hematuria

Back 215

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine.(36, 46)

Front 216

Hemiparesis

Back 216

Muscular weakness of one half of the body.(36, 46)

Front 217

Hemiplegia

Back 217

Paralysis of one side of the body.(39)

Front 218

Hemoptysis

Back 218

Coughing of blood from the respiratory tract.(32, 45)

Front 219

Hemorrhoid

Back 219

Permanent dilation and engorgement of a vein within the lining of the rectum.(39)

Front 220

Hemothorax

Back 220

Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae.(32)

Front 221

Hepatitis

Back 221

Inflammatory condition of the liver.(32)

Front 222

Hernia

Back 222

Protrusion of abdominal organs through the muscle wall.(32)

Front 223

Hirsutism

Back 223

Excessive body hair in a masculine distribution caused by heredity, hormonal dysfunction, or medication.(39)

Front 224

Humidification

Back 224

Process of adding water to gas.(32)

Front 225

Hydrocephalus

Back 225

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.(31)

Front 226

Hyperthermia

Back 226

Situation in which body temperature exceeds the set point; fever.(32)

Front 227

Hypertonicity

Back 227

Increased muscle tone.(39)

Front 228

Hyperventilation

Back 228

Respiratory rate in excess of that required to maintain normal carbon dioxide levels in the body tissues.(43)

Front 229

Hypervitaminosis

Back 229

Condition caused by excessive intake of a vitamin; less likely to occur with water-soluble vitamins.(46)

Front 230

hypostatic pneumonia

Back 230

Inflammation of the lung from stasis or pooling of secretion.(31)

Front 231

hypotension

Back 231

Abnormal lowering of blood pressure in which pressure is inadequate for normal perfusion and oxygenation of tissues.(31)

Front 232

hypothalamus

Back 232

Portion of the diencephalon of the brain that activates, controls, and integrates the peripheral autonomic nervous system, the endocrine processes, and many bodily functions such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite.(31, 37)

Front 233

hypothermia

Back 233

Abnormal lowering of body temperature below 95° F (35° C),usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold.(32)

Front 234

hypotonicity

Back 234

Low muscle tone.(39)

Front 235

hypoventilation

Back 235

Reduction in the volume of air that enters the lung for gas exchange; oxygen exchange insufficient to meet metabolic demands of the body.(39, 40)

Front 236

hypovolemia

Back 236

Decreased circulatory blood volume resulting from extracellular fluid losses.(31)

Front 237

hypoxemia

Back 237

Abnormal deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood.(39)

Front 238

hypoxia

Back 238

Inadequate cellular oxygenation that may result from a deficiency in the delivery or use of oxygen at the cellular level.(33)

Front 239

iatrogenic infections

Back 239

Infections caused by a treatment or diagnostic procedure.(43)

Front 240

ideal body weight (IBW)

Back 240

Estimate of what a person should weigh.(45)

Front 241

Ileostomy

Back 241

Surgical formation of an opening of the ileum onto the surface of the abdomen through which fecal matter is emptied.(36, 46)

Front 242

Immobility

Back 242

Inability to move about freely; caused by any condition in which movement is impaired or therapeutically restricted.(33)

Front 243

immune responses

Back 243

Defense functions of the body that produce antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies.(37)

Front 244

immunization

Back 244

Process by which resistance to an infectious disease is produced or augmented. Immunity is acquired after the oral administration or injection of an antigen, which causes production of an antibody within the body.(33)

Front 245

immunocompromised

Back 245

Abnormal condition of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate.(33)

Front 246

immunoglobulins

Back 246

Humoral antibodies produced by the body and present in serum and external secretions; formed in response to specific antigens.(45)

Front 247

impaction

Back 247

Presence of large or hard fecal mass in the rectum or colon.(46)

Front 248

impaired physical mobility

Back 248

State in which the individual experiences or is at risk of experiencing a limitation of physical movement.(39)

Front 249

incentive spirometry

Back 249

Method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to clients of the inspiratory volume they have achieved.(45)

Front 250

incontinence

Back 250

Inability to control urination.(32)

Front 251

indurated

Back 251

Hardened tissue, particularly skin, due to edema, inflammation, or infiltration by a tumor.(33)

Front 252

inflammatory response

Back 252

Protective vascular and cellular reaction that neutralizes pathogens and repairs body cells.(18, 46)

Front 253

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

Back 253

Activities that are required for an individual to be independent in society beyond eating, grooming, transferring, and toileting; these activities include writing a check, buying groceries, and preparing food.(32)

Front 254

integument

Back 254

Skin and its appendages: hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands.(33)

Front 255

interferon

Back 255

Protein that interferes with the ability of viruses to multiply and protects body cells from simultaneous infection with other viruses .(33)

Front 256

invasive

Back 256

Referring to procedures that involve puncture, incision, or insertion of a foreign object, such as a needle or catheter, into the body.(46)

Front 257

irregular bones

Back 257

Bones of the vertebral column and some bones of the skull.(36, 46)

Front 258

isometric contraction

Back 258

Increased muscle tension without muscle shortening.(36, 46)

Front 259

isotonic contraction

Back 259

Increased muscle tension resulting in muscle contraction and muscle shortening.(32)

Front 260

jaundice

Back 260

Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera, caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.(36, 46)

Front 261

joint

Back 261

Connection between bones; classified according to structure and degree of mobility.(46)

Front 262

joint contracture

Back 262

Abnormal and usually permanent condition of a joint, characterized by flexion and fixation and caused by disuse, atrophy, and shortening of muscle fibers.(43)

Front 263

ketone

Back 263

Organic chemical compound characterized by having in its structure a carbonyl, or keto, group, =CO, attached to two alkyl groups.(44)

Front 264

Ketonuria

Back 264

Presence in the urine of excessive amounts of ketone bodies (products of fat metabolism), such as occurs in diabetes mellitus.(32)

Front 265

Kyphosis

Back 265

Exaggeration of the posterior curvature of the thoracic spine.(45)

Front 266

lactose intolerance

Back 266

Gastric disorder in which some foods, such as milk and milk products, are difficult or impossible to digest.(37)

Front 267

land pollution

Back 267

Contamination of soil by improper disposal of radioactive or bioactive waste products.(45)

Front 268

laxative

Back 268

Drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation.(33)

Front 269

leukocytosis

Back 269

Abnormal increase in the number of circulating white blood cells.(32)

Front 270

leukoplakia

Back 270

Thick, raised, pearly-white patch of precancerous tissue found on the lips, buccal mucosa, penis, or vulva.(46)

Front 271

Leverage

Back 271

Inducing or compelling force.(36, 46)

Front 272

Ligament

Back 272

White, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissues binding joints together and connecting various bones and cartilage.(43)

Front 273

Lipid

Back 273

Any of the free fatty acid fractions in the blood.(43)

Front 274

lipid emulsions

Back 274

Soybean- or safflower-oil-based solutions that are isotonic and that may be infused with amino acid and dextrose solution through a central or peripheral line.(33)

Front 275

localized

Back 275

With regard to infections, a type of infection in which the infectious process is limited to a particular area, such as a wound infection.(46)

Front 276

long bones

Back 276

Bones that contribute to the height of a person, to the length of an extremity such as the arm, or to the length of a portion of an extremity such as the hand.(32)

Front 277

lordosis

Back 277

Increased lumbar curvature.(38)

Front 278

lunula

Back 278

Whitish area at the base of the nail bed.(33)

Front 279

lymphokine

Back 279

A product of cell-mediated immunity; these cells attract macrophages and stimulate them to attack antigens.(43)

Front 280

macromineral

Back 280

Minerals classified as having a daily requirement of 100 mg or more.(43)

Front 281

malabsorption

Back 281

Set of symptoms resulting from disorders in the intestinal absorption of nutrients; characterized by anorexia, weight loss, bloating of the abdomen, and muscle cramps.(31, 49)

Front 282

malignant hyperthermia

Back 282

Autosomal dominant trait characterized by often fatal hyperthermia in affected people exposed to certain anesthetic agents.(45)

Front 283

masticate

Back 283

To chew or tear food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva.(38)

Front 284

mastication

Back 284

Chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva.(44)

Front 285

meatus

Back 285

Opening through any part of the body (e.g., the urethral meatus).(33)

Front 286

medical asepsis

Back 286

Procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms; also known as clean technique.(43)

Front 287

medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

Back 287

Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition.(32)

Front 288

melanoma

Back 288

Group of malignant neoplasms, primarily of the skin, that are composed of melanocytes; common in fair-skinned people having light-colored eyes and in persons who have had a sunburn; any black or brown spot having an irregular border, pigment appearing to radiate beyond that border, or a red, black, and blue coloration observable on close examination.(43)

Front 289

metabolism

Back 289

Aggregate of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and other functions concerned with the distribution of nutrients in the blood after digestion.(32)

Front 290

metastasize

Back 290

To spread.(33)

Front 291

Microorganisms

Back 291

Any microscopic entity capable of carrying on living processes, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.(44)

Front 292

Micturition

Back 292

Urination; act of passing or expelling urine voluntarily through the urethra.(43)

Front 293

Minerals

Back 293

Inorganic elements essential to the body because of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions.(36, 46)

Front 294

Mobility

Back 294

Person's ability to move about freely.(43)

Front 295

monosaturated (fatty acids)

Back 295

Fatty acids that have one carbon bond.(32)

Front 296

murmur

Back 296

Low-pitched fluttering or humming sound, such as a heart murmur.(46)

Front 297

muscle atrophy

Back 297

Loss of muscle tissue.(36, 46)

Front 298

muscle tone

Back 298

Normal state of balanced muscle tension.(39)

Front 299

myocardial infarction

Back 299

Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by obstruction in a coronary artery.(39)

Front 300

myocardial ischemia

Back 300

Cardiac condition that results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of the organ.(39)

Front 301

nasal cannula

Back 301

Device for delivering oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nares.(33)

Front 302

natural immunity

Back 302

Inherited resistance to infection (e.g., humans are resistant to the distemper virus that affects dogs and cats).(39)

Front 303

nebulization

Back 303

Process of adding moisture to inspired air by the addition of water droplets.(33)

Front 304

necrotic

Back 304

Of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response to disease or injury.(46)

Front 305

negative nitrogen balance

Back 305

Condition occurring when the body excretes more nitrogen than it takes in.(44)

Front 306

nephron

Back 306

Structural and functional unit of the kidney that contains a renal glomerulus and tubule.(44)

Front 307

nephrostomy

Back 307

Surgical procedure in which an incision is made on the flank of the client so that a catheter can be inserted into the kidney pelvis for the purpose of drainage.(38)

Front 308

neuropathy

Back 308

Abnormal condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of peripheral nerves that alter sensory or motor function.(42, 46)

Front 309

neurotransmitter

Back 309

Chemical that transfers an electrical impulse from the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber.(43)

Front 310

nitrogen balance

Back 310

Relationship between the nitrogen taken into the body, usually as food, and the nitrogen excreted from the body in urine and feces. Most of the body's nitrogen is incorporated into protein.(41, 44)

Front 311

nocturia

Back 311

Urination at night; can be a symptom of renal disease or may occur in persons who drink excessive amounts of fluids before bedtime.(37)

Front 312

noise pollution

Back 312

Noise level in an environment at the level that it becomes uncomfortable to the inhabitants.(43)

Front 313

nonessential amino acids

Back 313

Any of 11 amino acids that are not essential to the diet because the body can synthesize their molecules from other amino acids.(31)

Front 314

nonshivering thermogenesis

Back 314

Condition that occurs primarily in neonates; because neonates cannot shiver, a limited amount of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is metabolized for heat production.(33)

Front 315

normal flora

Back 315

Microorganisms that live on or within a body to compete with disease-producing microorganisms and provide a natural immunity against certain infections.(39)

Front 316

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

Back 316

Wave pattern on an electrocardiogram that indicates normal conduction of an electrical impulse through the myocardium.(43)

Front 317

nutrient density

Back 317

Proportion of essential nutrients to the number of calories of a specific food.(43)

Front 318

nutrients

Back 318

Foods that contain elements necessary for body function, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.(32)

Front 319

nystagmus

Back 319

Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed.(32)

Front 320

occlusion

Back 320

Blockage in a canal, vessel, or passage of the body.(44)

Front 321

ophthalmologist

Back 321

Medical doctor whose practice is limited to diseases, conditions, and trauma to the eyes. An ophthalmologist also prescribes corrective lenses for clients whose visual acuity is impaired.(32)

Front 322

ophthalmoscope

Back 322

Instrument used to illuminate the structures of the eye for the examination of the fundus, which includes the retina, choroid, optic nerve disc, macula, fovea centralis, and retinal vessels.(38)

Front 323

optometrist

Back 323

Medical doctor whose practice is limited to primary eye care.(39)

Front 324

orthopnea

Back 324

Abnormal respiratory symptom in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably.(31, 46)

Front 325

orthostatic hypotension

Back 325

Drop in systolic blood pressure of 15 mm Hg or more when a person rises from a recumbent position to a sitting or standing position.(32, 46)

Front 326

osteoporosis

Back 326

Disorder characterized by abnormal rarefaction of bone, occurring most frequently in postmenopausal women, in sedentary or immobilized individuals, and in clients on long-term steroid therapy.(32)

Front 327

otoscope

Back 327

Instrument with a special ear speculum used to examine the deeper structures of the external and middle ear.(32)

Front 328

ototoxicity

Back 328

Referring to the characteristic of any drug or substance that has a harmful effect on the eighth cranial nerve or the organs of hearing and balance.(32)

Front 329

pancreatitis

Back 329

Inflammation of the pancreas.(32)

Front 330

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

Back 330

Painless screening test for cervical cancer; specimens of squamous and columnar cells of the cervix are taken.(32, 45, 49)

Front 331

paralytic ileus

Back 331

Usually temporary paralysis of intestinal wall that may occur after abdominal surgery or peritoneal injury and that causes cessation of peristalsis; leads to abdominal distention and symptoms of obstruction.(43)

Front 332

parenteral nutrition (PN)

Back 332

Administration of nutrition into the vascular system.(38)

Front 333

partial bed bath

Back 333

Bath in which body parts that might cause the client discomfort if left unbathed (i.e., face, hands, axillary areas, back, and perineum) are washed while the client remains in bed.(33)

Front 334

passive immunity

Back 334

Form of acquired immunity resulting from antibodies that are transmitted naturally through the placenta to the fetus, through the colostrum to an infant, or artificially by injection or antiserum for treatment or prophylaxis.(33, 37)

Front 335

pathogen

Back 335

Any microorganism capable of producing disease.(33)

Front 336

pathogenicity

Back 336

Ability of a pathogenic agent to produce disease.(46)

Front 337

pathological fractures

Back 337

Fractures resulting from weakened bone tissue; frequently caused by osteoporosis or neoplasms.(39)

Front 338

peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

Back 338

Maximal flow rate, measured in liters, that can be generated during a forced expiratory maneuver.(44)

Front 339

pelvic floor exercises (Kegel exercises)

Back 339

Exercises that improve the strength of pelvic floor muscles and consist of repetitive contractions of muscle groups.(31)

Front 340

perfusion

Back 340

Passage of a fluid, such as blood, through a specific organ or an area of the body.(38)

Front 341

perineal care

Back 341

Cleansing procedure prescribed for the genital and anal areas as part of the daily bath or after various obstetrical and gynecological procedures.(32, 43, 45)

Front 342

peristalsis

Back 342

Coordinated, rhythmic, serial contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.(32)

Front 343

peritonitis

Back 343

Inflammation of the peritoneum produced by bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or perforation of an organ in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the reproductive tract.(32)

Front 344

PERRLA

Back 344

Acronym for pupils equal, round, reactive to light, accommodative; the acronym is recorded in the physical examination if eye and pupil assessments are normal.(32)

Front 345

Oliguria

Back 345

Diminished capacity to form and pass urine.(38)

Front 346

Petechiae

Back 346

Tiny purple or red spots that appear on the skin as minute hemorrhages within dermal layers.(33)

Front 347

Phagocytosis

Back 347

Process by which certain cells, such as macrophages, engulf and dispose of microorganisms.(32, 40)

Front 348

Phlebitis

Back 348

Inflammation of a vein.(32)

Front 349

Pigmentation

Back 349

Organic coloring material, such as melanin, that gives color to the skin.(39)

Front 350

Pneumothorax

Back 350

Collection of air or gas in the pleural space.(32)

Front 351

point of maximal impulse (PMI)

Back 351

Anatomical point along the fourth to fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line where the heartbeat can most easily be palpated through the chest wall.(37)

Front 352

poison

Back 352

Any substance that impairs health or destroys life when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the body in relatively small amounts.(37)

Front 353

pollutant

Back 353

Harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water or atmosphere.(32, 45)

Front 354

polyps

Back 354

Small tumorlike growths that projects from a mucous membrane surface.(43)

Front 355

polyunsaturated (fatty acids)

Back 355

Fatty acids that have two or more carbon double bonds.(44)

Front 356

polyuria

Back 356

Excretion of an abnormally large volume of urine.(39)

Front 357

postural drainage

Back 357

Use of positioning along with percussion and vibration to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea.(31)

Front 358

postural hypotension

Back 358

Abnormally low blood pressure occurring when an individual assumes the standing posture; also called orthostatic hypotension.(36, 46)

Front 359

posture

Back 359

Position of the body in relation to the surrounding space.(39)

Front 360

preload

Back 360

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, immediately before ventricular contraction.(46, 47)

Front 361

pressure ulcer

Back 361

Inflammation, sore, or ulcer in the skin over a bony prominence.(36)

Front 362

Proteinuria

Back 362

Presence in the urine of abnormally large quantities of protein, usually albumin. Persistent proteinuria is usually a sign of renal disease, renal complications of another disease, hypertension, or heart failure.(32)

Front 363

ptosis

Back 363

Abnormal condition of one or both upper eyelids in which the eyelid droops; caused by weakness of the levator muscle or paralysis of the third cranial nerve.(39)

Front 364

pulmonary function tests

Back 364

Procedures for determining the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently.(32)

Front 365

pulse deficit

Back 365

Condition that exists when the radial pulse is less than the ventricular rate as auscultated at the apex or seen on an electrocardiogram; indicates a lack of peripheral perfusion for some of the heart contractions.(31)

Front 366

pulse pressure

Back 366

Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, normally 30 to 40 mm Hg.(39)

Front 367

pursed-lip breathing

Back 367

Deep inspiration through the nose and mouth, not using pursed lips, followed by prolonged expiration through pursed lips.(33, 47)

Front 368

purulent

Back 368

Producing or containing pus.(44)

Front 369

Proprioception

Back 369

Sensation achieved through stimuli from within the body regarding spatial position and muscular activity.(44)

Front 370

Pyelonephritis

Back 370

Infection that spreads in the kidneys and causes flank pain, tenderness, low-grade fever, and chills.(31)

Front 371

Pyrexia

Back 371

Abnormal elevation of the temperature of the body above 37° C (98.6° F) because of disease; fever.(31)

Front 372

Pyrogen

Back 372

Any substance that causes a rise in body temperature (e.g., bacterial toxins).(31)

Front 373

radial pulse

Back 373

Pulse of the radial artery palpated at the wrist over the radius. The radial pulse is the one most often taken.(31)

Front 374

radiation

Back 374

Method of temperature regulation used by the body to lower body temperature.(36, 46)

Front 375

range of motion (ROM)

Back 375

Range of movement of a joint, from maximum extension to maximum flexion, as measured in degrees of a circle.(32)

Front 376

rectocele

Back 376

Bulging of the posterior vaginal wall caused by prolapse of the rectum.(44)

Front 377

reflex bladder

Back 377

Condition usually resulting from spinal cord trauma in which the micturition reflex pathway may remain intact, thereby allowing urination to occur reflexively.(37)

Front 378

relative humidity

Back 378

Amount of moisture in the air as compared with the maximum amount that the air could contain at the same temperature.(44)

Front 379

renal calculus

Back 379

Calcium stone in the renal pelvis.(44)

Front 380

renal replacement therapies

Back 380

Treatments designed to carry out kidney function. Currently two methods of renal replacement exist: dialysis (peritoneal and hemodialysis) and organ transplantation.(40, 44)

Front 381

renin

Back 381

Proteolytic enzyme produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each arteriole as it enters a glomerulus. The enzyme affects the blood pressure by catalyzing the change of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, a strong repressor.(44)

Front 382

residual urine

Back 382

Volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a normal voiding; the bladder normally is almost completely empty after micturition.(44)

Front 383

rest

Back 383

Feeling of mental relaxation and freedom from anxiety; physical calm.(43)

Front 384

resting energy expenditure (REE)

Back 384

Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy to digest meals and perform mild activity.(37)

Front 385

restraint

Back 385

Device to aid in the immobilization of a client or a client's extremity.(43)

Front 386

saccharide

Back 386

Within carbohydrates, a classification of sugars.(33, 47)

Front 387

sanguineous

Back 387

Fluid containing red blood cells.(43)

Front 388

saturated (fatty acids)

Back 388

Fatty acids in which each carbon in the chain has an attached hydrogen atom.(32)

Front 389

scoliosis

Back 389

Lateral spinal curvature.(37)

Front 390

seizure

Back 390

Brief, temporary malfunctions of nerve cells in the brain may result in seizure activity. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure is characterized by loss of consciousness, tonicity (rigidity), and clonicity (jerking).(37)

Front 391

seizure precautions

Back 391

Measures that protect the client from injury during a seizure.(32)

Front 392

senile keratosis

Back 392

Slowly developing, localized thickening of the outer layers of the skin as a result of chronic, excessive exposure to the sun; commonly develops in older adults.(33, 47)

Front 393

serous

Back 393

A clear (like plasma) fluid that forms an exudate at the site of an inflammation.(31)

Front 394

shivering

Back 394

Process used by the body to raise body temperature.(46)

Front 395

short bones

Back 395

Bone clusters that when combined with ligaments and cartilage permit movement of the extremities.(43)

Front 396

simple carbohydrates

Back 396

Monosaccharides and disaccharides, found primarily in sugars.(44)

Front 397

specific gravity

Back 397

Measurement of the degree of concentration of a liquid.(31)

Front 398

sphygmomanometer

Back 398

Device for measuring the arterial blood pressure that consists of an arm or leg cuff with an air bladder connected to a tube, a bulb for pumping air into the bladder, and a gauge for indicating the amount of air pressure being exerted against the artery.(37)

Front 399

status epilepticus

Back 399

Medical emergency whereby a person has continual seizures without interruption.(32)

Front 400

stenosis

Back 400

Abnormal condition characterized by the constriction or narrowing of an opening or passageway in a body structure.(33)

Front 401

sterile field

Back 401

Specified area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms.(44, 45)

Front 402

stoma

Back 402

Artificially created opening between a body cavity and the body's surface (e.g., a colostomy) formed from a portion of the colon pulled through the abdominal wall.(32)

Front 403

stria

Back 403

Streak or linear scar that results from rapidly developing tension in the skin, commonly seen on the abdomen after pregnancy.(31, 39)

Front 404

stroke volume

Back 404

Amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during a ventricular contraction.(33)

Front 405

suprainfection

Back 405

Secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen.(33)

Front 406

surgical asepsis

Back 406

Procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, from an object or area; also known as sterile technique.(33)

Front 407

susceptibility

Back 407

Condition of being vulnerable to a disease or disorder.(32)

Front 408

syncope

Back 408

Brief lapse in consciousness caused by transient cerebral hypoxia.(36)

Front 409

synergistic muscles

Back 409

Muscles that contract together to accomplish the same movement.(46)

Front 410

synostotic joint

Back 410

Joint type that occurs when bones are jointed by bones. No movement is associated with this type of joint, and the bony tissue that forms between the bones provides strength and stability.(36, 46)

Front 411

synovial joints

Back 411

True and freely moveable joints in which contiguous bony surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and are connected by ligaments lined with a synovial membrane.(33)

Front 412

systemic

Back 412

Of or pertaining to the whole body rather than to a localized area.(31)

Front 413

systolic pressure

Back 413

Pressure exerted in the aorta and large arteries of a human during systolic contraction of the left ventricle; indicated during blood pressure measurement as the point when sound can first be heard during deflation of the pressure cuff.(31)

Front 414

Tachycardia

Back 414

Rapid heart rate ranging between 100 and 150 beats per minute.(32)

Front 415

tactile fremitus

Back 415

Tremulous vibration of the chest wall during breathing that is palpable on physical examination.(36, 46)

Front 416

tendons

Back 416

White, glistening, strong, flexible, and inelastic fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone.(31)

Front 417

thermoregulation

Back 417

Internal control of body temperature.(39)

Front 418

thoracentesis

Back 418

Surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.(32)

Front 419

thrill

Back 419

Continuous palpable sensation, like the purring of a cat.(46)

Front 420

thrombus

Back 420

Accumulation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel.(31)

Front 421

tidal volume

Back 421

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal ventilation.(43)

Front 422

trace elements

Back 422

Minerals when less than 100 mg is needed daily; microminerals.(46)

Front 423

trapeze bar

Back 423

Metal triangular-shaped bar that can be suspended over a client's bed from an overhanging frame; permits clients to move up and down in bed while in traction or some other encumbrance.(43)

Front 424

triglycerides

Back 424

Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.(46)

Front 425

trochanter roll

Back 425

Rolled towel support placed against the hips and upper leg to prevent external rotation of the legs.(32)

Front 426

turgor

Back 426

Normal resiliency of the skin caused by the outward pressure of the cells and interstitial fluid.(46)

Front 427

unossified

Back 427

Not hardened, soft.(43)

Front 428

unsaturated (fatty acids)

Back 428

Fatty acids in which an unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond.(44)

Front 429

uremic syndrome

Back 429

Symptoms characterized by the presence of urinary constituents in the blood and altered regulatory functions causing marked fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, or convulsions.(44)

Front 430

ureterostomy

Back 430

Diversion of urine away from a diseased or defective bladder through an artificial opening in the skin.(44)

Front 431

urinalysis

Back 431

Routine laboratory testing on a voided urine specimen.(44)

Front 432

urinary diversion

Back 432

Surgically created diversion of the ureter to the abdominal wall for the drainage of urine after removal of a diseased bladder.(44)

Front 433

urinary frequency

Back 433

Symptom involving increased voiding.(44)

Front 434

urinary incontinence

Back 434

Inability to control urination.(44)

Front 435

urinary retention

Back 435

Retention of urine in the bladder; condition frequently caused by a temporary loss of muscle function.(46)

Front 436

urinary stasis

Back 436

Filling of the renal pelvis before urine enters the ureters.(44)

Front 437

urosepsis

Back 437

Condition caused by bacteria in the urine that may lead to the spread of organisms into the bloodstream or kidneys.(45)

Front 438

Valsalva maneuver

Back 438

Any forced expiratory effort against a closed airway, as when an individual holds the breath and tightens the muscles in a concerted, strenuous effort to move a heavy object or to change positions in bed.(32)

Front 439

Varicosities

Back 439

Superficial veins that become dilated, for example, varicose veins on the lag or esophageal varicosities along the surface of the esophagus(33)

Front 440

Vector

Back 440

Carrier, especially one that transmits disease.(43)

Front 441

Vegetarianism

Back 441

Consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods.(31, 39)

Front 442

Ventilation

Back 442

Respiratory process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs.(39)

Front 443

ventricular fibrillation

Back 443

A life-threatening rhythm in which there is no ventricular filling and no cardiac output. This dysrhythmia requires immediate intervention.(32)

Front 444

ventricular gallop

Back 444

Abnormal low-pitched extra heart sound (S3) heard in early diastole.(39)

Front 445

ventricular Tachycardia

Back 445

A life-threatening dysrhythmia because of the decreased cardiac output and the potential to deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation.(11, 38)

Front 446

vernix caseosa

Back 446

Grayish-white cheeselike substance consisting of sebaceous gland secretions, lanugo, and epithelial cells that coats the skin of the fetus and newborn.(33)

Front 447

virulence

Back 447

The ability to produce disease.(31)

Front 448

vital signs

Back 448

Temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure.(43)

Front 449

vitamins

Back 449

Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. With few exceptions, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements.(32)

Front 450

vocal fremitus

Back 450

Vibrations created by sound waves that can be palpated externally.(37)

Front 451

water pollution

Back 451

Contamination of lakes, rivers, and streams by industrial pollutants.(43)

Front 452

water-soluble vitamins

Back 452

Vitamins that cannot be stored in the body and must be provided in the daily food intake, such as vitamin C and B complex.(39)

Front 453

wheezing

Back 453

Adventitious lung sound caused by a severely narrowed bronchus.(32)

Front 454

whispered pectoriloquy

Back 454

Transmission of a whisper through the pulmonary structures so that it is heard as normal audible speech on auscultation.