Nplex 2 - Bot Med

Front 1

What is the main action of complex carbohydrates

Back 1

Demulcent
Some are also emollient, reflex expectorant, immunomodulating

Front 2

What are the demulcent herbs

Back 2

Althea officinalis, Avena sativa, Inula helenium, Momordica charantia, Plantago major, Symphytum officinale, Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Ulmus rubra

Front 3

When would a demulcent be CI

Back 3

In the case of a wet cough

Front 4

When would a demulcent be indicated

Back 4

UTI, urinary irritation, Dry Cough, GI irritation

Front 5

What is the best extraction or preparation for demulcents

Back 5

Cold infussion

Front 6

What part of Echinacea is used as an immune modulator d/t its complex carbs

Back 6

Echinacea purpurea - above ground parts

Front 7

What is true of all parts of Echinacea and all types

Back 7

they are all anti-microbial and all inflammation modulators

Front 8

What conditions can immunomodulators be used for

Back 8

Diabetes (both types)
Autoimmune
Cancer

Front 9

What is characteristic of low molecular wt terpenoids and phenylpropanoids

Back 9

Very high potency and usually strong odors and tastes

Front 10

What are the three categories of herbs that are biter tasting and acting

Back 10

Iridoids
Sesquiterpene lactones
Alkaloids

Front 11

Where do you find diterpenoids

Back 11

Sometimes in volatile oils, mostly in resins

Front 12

What constituent at high doses acts as a cathartic laxative

Back 12

Anthraquinone glycosides

Front 13

What herbs contain Anthraquinone glycosides

Back 13

Aloe vera (latex)
Cassia spp. (Senna alexandrina)
Rhammnus frangula
Rhamnus purshiana
Rumex crispus (mild)

Front 14

How long does it take Anthraquinone glycosides to act

Back 14

About 6-8 hours - good to give at night so they will go in the morning

Front 15

What are the actions of Saponins glycosides

Back 15

Stimulating expectorant, GI irritant (toxic), hormone modulating, emulsifying (micelle forming), often immunomoduating

Front 16

What are Cardiac Glycosides used for

Back 16

A-Fib
CHF

Front 17

What is the major concern, side effect of Cardiac Glycosides

Back 17

Arrhythmia's

Front 18

What are the actions of isothiacyanate glycosides and sulfer compounds

Back 18

Inflammation mod
Antimicrobial
Some promote healthy E metabolism

Front 19

What are the actions of flavonoid glycosides & Proanthocyanidins

Back 19

inflammation mod
Venotonic
antioxidants
anti fibrotic

Front 20

What herbs have isothiacyanate glycosides and sulfer compounds

Back 20

Allium cepa
Allium sativum
Capsella bursa-pastoris

Front 21

When are isoflavones CI

Back 21

Ovarian and Breast Cancer

Front 22

What is the main action of isoflavones

Back 22

phytoestrogens

Front 23

What herbs contain isoflavondes

Back 23

Medicago sativa
Trifolium pratense
All legumes (Fabaceae family)

Front 24

What are the actions of tannins

Back 24

astringent
chelate minerals and alkaloids

Front 25

What conditions are tannins indicated for

Back 25

Catar
Diarrhea
Hemorrhoids
Exudates -atopic dermatitis

Front 26

What are the primary tannins and therefore astringent and what system are they each specific for

Back 26

Cinnamonmum zeylanicum
Geranium maculatum - GI
Hamamelis virginiana - vein
Rubus idaeus - uterus

Front 27

What are the classic anticholinergic herbs (list from least potent to most potent)

Back 27

Atropa belladonna (GI)
Datura stramonium (Pulmonary)
Hyoscyamus niger (UG)

Front 28

What are anticholinergic herbs indicated for

Back 28

Peptic ulcer, PMS, kidney stones

Front 29

How can you contrast Bitters and Carminative

Back 29

Bitters are stimulating to the GI and carminatives are relaxing

Front 30

How is capiscum used internally

Back 30

as a formula synergizer and as a cardiac stimulator (heat)

Front 31

What are the main cholagogues

Back 31

Chelidonium majus
Iris versicolor

Front 32

What are the two indications of Chelidonium majus

Back 32

Biliary insufficiency
HPV - warts (topical only)

Front 33

Which is stronger between Chelidonium and Iris

Back 33

Iris

Front 34

What are the indications of Iris versicolor

Back 34

Gall stone prevention
Biliary insufficiency
Biliary dyskinesia
Chronic skin dz

Front 35

What is an important concern with GI stimulating and/or irritating herbs

Back 35

CI in pregnancy can also stimulate and irritate the uterus

Front 36

Overdose of Cardiac Glycosides can be dx with what test? How do you antidote

Back 36

EKG
K, Ca, Mg, Charcole
There is also an antidote for the drug, however this most likely not work for the whole herb

Front 37

What indicates overdose of Cardiac Glycosides

Back 37

GI upset
fatigue
Halo's around the light
Arrhythmias
Anorexia

Front 38

What are long term effects of Cardiac Glycosides

Back 38

Gynecomastia
Loss of libido

Front 39

What are the neurotoxic herbs that work directly on the nerves

Back 39

Aconitum napellus
Bryonia cretica
Pausinystalia yohimbe
Rauvolfia serpentina
Veratrum viride
Volatile oils

Front 40

What are the CI of Aconitum napellus

Back 40

Pregnancy
Lactation
Arrhythmias

Front 41

What are the main indications for Aconitum napellus

Back 41

Pain
High fever
insomnia

Front 42

What are the main indications for Rauvolfia serpentina

Back 42

HTN - works on CNS by depleting catecholamine storage: systemic vasodilation, antiarrhythmic

Front 43

What is the therapeutic dose of reserpine, active constituent in Rauvolfia serpentina?
Max dose?

Back 43

Therapeutic - 0.05 to 0.1 mg
Max dose - 0.2 mg

Front 44

What drug is CI in the use of Rauvolfia serpentina

Back 44

MAO inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Digoxin

Front 45

What is the main concern with high doses of Rauvolfia and therefore what does should not be exceded when using this herb

Back 45

Decreases dopamine and could therefore induce Parkinsonian condition
Doses 1 g and greater is what leads to these sx

Front 46

What is an early sign of overdose on Veratrum viride and alba

Back 46

Vomiting
Then Low BP, Changes in heart rate, vision and mental status

Front 47

What is the main indication of Veratrum viride and alba

Back 47

HTN (not used much d/t high toxicity)

Front 48

What are the thujone containing herbs

Back 48

Tanacetum vulgare
Thuja occidentalis
Achillea millefolium (really low)
Salvia officinalis (really low)

Front 49

Compare Tanacetum vulgare and Tanacetum parthenium

Back 49

Tanacetum vulgare is a toxic and should only be used with caution. It is abortifatient and neurotoxic. Is used as an antiparasitic
Tanacetum partenium is safe and can be used for migraines and inflammation

Front 50

What is Thuja occidentalis indicated for, what form should be used

Back 50

immunomodulating
anti-HPV
antimicrobal, antifungal
any form but volatile oil

Front 51

What herbs contain UPAs

Back 51

Cineraria maritima
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Epatorium purpureum
Tussilago farfara
Borago officinalis
Lithospermum ruderale
Symphytum officinale

Front 52

What tissue is mainly effected by UPAs

Back 52

Liver (around venules)
- can cause HVOD (hepato veno-occlusive dz)
Kidney

Front 53

How long can an herb containing UPAs be used

Back 53

For the purpose of NPLEX - a couple of days

Front 54

When is UPAs CI

Back 54

Kidney damage
Liver damage
Cancer

Front 55

What is the extract that is best for herbs containing UPAs

Back 55

Extract with as much of an alkaline preparation that you can do reduce the UPAs that are extracted. This means it is best to use water, if you must do a tincture, make it alkaline.

Front 56

What are sedative herbs to be concerned of

Back 56

Aconitum spp
Gelsemium sempervirens
Pulsatilla vulgaris
Piscidia erythrina

Front 57

What is lethal in overdose

Back 57

Digitalis
Veratrum
Aconitum
Gelsemium
Sanguinaria
Pulsatilla
Podophyllum
Ephedra
Arnica
UPAs
Anticholenergics (belladonna, Datura stromonium, hyoscyamus)

Front 58

Which is stronger between Gelsemium and Pulsatilla and what is a typical dose

Back 58

Pulsatilla is 2x as strong as Gelsemium
Gelsemium - 10 gtts/dose
Pulsatilla - 5 gtts/dose

Front 59

When is Piper methysticum CI

Back 59

kidney or liver failure

Front 60

When is Ephedra CI

Back 60

HTN, DM, Hyperthyroidism, BPH, glaucoma, coronary artery dz, pregnancy, lactation, high doses

Front 61

What herbs are CI for BPH

Back 61

Ephedra
Anticholenergics

Front 62

What drugs are CI to use with Ephedra

Back 62

caffeine (need to use lower doses)
MAO inhibitors
alpha/beta adrenergic agonists
alpha or beta blockers
amphetamines

Front 63

What are the stimulating expectorants

Back 63

Lobelia
Sanguinaria
Aspidosperma quebracho

Front 64

When is Lobelia indicated

Back 64

wet cough
poisoning where vomiting is desirable

Front 65

When is Lobelia CI

Back 65

dry cough
bulimia
pregnancy
lactation
infants

Front 66

Achillea millefolium

Back 66

Ax: hemostatic, bitter

Tx: wounds, hemorrhage, poor digestion

C/I: lrg dose in preg (thujone), d/t bitter -> PUD, GERD, gastritis, & biliary obstruction

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility)

Front 67

Aconitum napellus

Back 67

Ax: Anodyne

Tx: neuralgia, pain

C/I: preg/BF

*narrow therapeutic window!

OD = parasympatholytic sx (paresthesia, n/v, HA, miosis, arrhythmia, chx pain)

Front 68

Actea racemosa

Back 68

CT: triterpene glycosides, isoflavones

Ax: uterine tonic, pituitary/E-mimetic, antirheumatic

Tx: dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, arthritis

CI: Preg 1T

OD = sedative, brady, hypoT

Front 69

Aesculus hippocastanum

Back 69

CT: glycoside lactones

Ax: astringent, veno-tonic

Tx: hemorrhoids & varicose veins (topical), venous insuff, DVT, varicose veins

*Tox w/ unprocessed fruits or IM injx (aescin -> Kd/LV failure)

Front 70

Allium cepa/sativum

Back 70

Ax: a-atherosclerotic, a-microbial

Tx: atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, HTN
C/I: bleeding d/o, thyroid dz (inhib I uptake)

IA: pot anticoagulants &insulin/hypoglycemic drugs

Front 71

Aloe Vera

Back 71

Gel-> Vulnerary/demulcent -> burns/wounds (topical), gastritis
C/I: burns 3D, deep wounds

A/E: d, cramping

Latex -> Cathartic Laxative

C/I: >10d (dependency), intestinal obstruction, <12yo, preg/BF

IA: hypokalemic drugs (diuretics, corticosteroids, glycyrrhiza)

Front 72

Althea officinalis

Back 72

Demulcent

Root -> GI Leaves -> RT & GU

C/I: wet cough

IA: polysacc dec drug abs

Front 73

Angelica sinensis

Back 73

Uterine tonic -> amenorrhea, dysmen, endo, menopause

C/I: menorrhagia

IA: C w/ anticoagulants (a-platelet activity)

Front 74

Arctium lappa

Back 74

Ax: Alterative, hepatoprotective, bitter

Tx (root): skin (psoriasis, eczema), poor digestion

C/I: d/t bitter -> GERD, PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility)

Front 75

Arctostaphylos uva ursi

Back 75

Urinary a-septic -> LUTI

C/I: preg, >10d

A/E: n (tannins)

OD (hydroquinone) = tinnitus, vomiting, delirium, convulsion, death

Front 76

Arnica montana

Back 76

Vulnerary -> bruises, myalgia, small wounds

C/I: lrg areas of broken skin, allergy to asteracea, internal

Tox = cardiac damage

Front 77

Artemisia annua

Back 77

a-parasitic, a-neoplastic -> Malaria, CA

C/I: preg/BF

Artemisinin (sesquiterpene lactone) -> neurotox!

*combine w/ Fe to max effect

Front 78

Aspidosperma quebracho

Back 78

Wet cough

C/I: dry cough, preg/BF, infant, LT use

A/E: GI irritation -> n/v

Front 79

Astragalus membranaceus

Back 79

Immunomod -> infx, *viral myocardiopathy, male infertility

C/I: may exacerbate AI, infx & Alzheimers dz

IA: pot acyclovir/interferon, antag corticosteroids, dec abs of drugs (polysacc)

Front 80

Atropa belladonna

Back 80

CT: atropine, tropane alkaloids

Spasmolytic -> Parkinsons, asthma, tremors

Analgesic -> mm spasm pain (dysmenorrhea)

Secretolytic -> GERD, PUD, hyperchlorhydria

*A/E: hot, red, dry, blind, mad

*only ST/low doses

IA: pot a-cholinergics, TCA

Front 81

Avena sativa

Back 81

Anxiolytic/Nervine, hypolipidemic

Topical -> inflamed skin

Internal -> anxiety, fatigue, debility, hyperlipid

No A/E, C/I, IA

Front 82

Baptisia tinctoria

Back 82

Immunostim, a-microbial, a-catarrhal

Tx infx w/ catarrh

C/I: LT/high dose, preg/BF

Front 83

Berberis aquifolium

Back 83

Bitter -> poor digestion

Alterative/immunomod -> chronic skin dz, CA

A-microbial -> GI/GU infx

A/E: GI/vaginal dysbiosis

C/I: bitter CI, preg/BF

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (motility)

Front 84

Borago officinalis

Back 84

Oil - Inflamm Mod

Whole plant - alterative, UPAs

Front 85

Boswellia serrata

Back 85

Anti-inflam -> d/o of inc leukotrienes and cytokines

Tx: asthma, RA, OA, UC, chronic prostatitis

A/E: bitter -> n

IA: enhance NSAIDs

Front 86

Bryonia alba/cretica dioica

Back 86

Anodyne -> pain (incl. ovarian cyst), pleurisy, rheumatism

C/I: preg/BF

A/E: abd pain, n/v/d, hypothermia, mydriasis, delirium

Front 87

Calendula officinalis

Back 87

Vulnerary -> dermatitis, wounds, ulcerations

C/I: deep wounds, asteracea allergy

Front 88

Capsella bursa pastoris

Back 88

Styptic -> meno/metrorrhagia

C/I: major bleed, preg/BF

IA: maybe anticoagulants

Front 89

Capsicum frutescens

Back 89

Topical (anodyne, a-pruritic) - p neuropathy, pruritis, OA, RA

Internal (dig stim, a-platelet) -> hyper coag, atherosclerosis, hypochlorhydria

C/I: eye/mucosal membranes (topical), bitter CI, preg

A/E: internal use -> n/v/d, abd pain

IA: maybe anticoagulants

Front 90

Cassia spp

Back 90

Cathartic laxative (anthraquinone glycosides)

A/E:

C/I: >10d, intestinal obstruction, <12yo, preg

*safe with BF
A/E: cramping, pseudomelanosis coli -reversible

>10d = dependency, electrolyt def, dehydration

IA: hypokalemics (diuretics, corticosteroids, glycyrrhiza), dec abs of drugs (inc transit time)

Front 91

Caulophylum thalictroides

Back 91

Uterine tonic -> amenorrhea, facilitate labour, meno/metrorrhagia

C/I: early preg

IA: may interfere with Nitroglycerin

Front 92

Ceanothus americanus

Back 92

Spleno/hepato-protective -> splenomegaly, fatty LV, hep

*may inc clotting and antag a-coagulants

Front 93

Centella asiatica

Back 93

Ax: Nervine, venotonic, vulnerary

Tx: insomnia, dementia, varicose v, chronic v insuff, wounds/scars

No C/I, A/E, IA known

Front 94

Chamaelirium luteum

Back 94

"False Unicorn"

Uterine tonic, emmenagogue -> a/dysmenor, E imbalance, o cysts, u fibroids, premature labour

C/I: early preg, GI irritation

*slight a-platelet activity, may pot a-coagulants

Front 95

Chelidonium majus

Back 95

Anti-HPV, cholagogue

Tx: warts (topical), prevent gall stones

C/I: acute LV/GB failure/obstruction, preg/BF

OD = GI irritant

Front 96

Cineraria maritima

Back 96

Topical anti-cataract

C/I: internal use (pyrrolizidine alkaloids hepatotox)

Front 97

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Back 97

Astringent, carminative -> hemorrhage, dyspepsia

C/I: GERD, gastritis, biliary obstruction

OD (EO) = n/v, convulsions, LV/Kd damage

Bark (LT use depletes glutathione in LV)

IA: tannins dec drug abs

Front 98

Coleus forskohlii

Back 98

Adenylate cyclase activator, vasodilator, bronchodilator

Tx: asthma, dilated cardiomyopathy, HTN

C/I: active PUD, preg/BF, children

IA: may pot cardiac glycosides, a-coag, hypoglycemics

Front 99

Commiphora myrrha/molmol

Back 99

Antimicrobial -> vaginitis, gastroenteritis, infx

C/I: high dose in preg

IA: may dec abs lipophilic drugs

Front 100

Crataegus oxyacantha

Back 100

+inotrope, -chronotrope, cardiotonic, a-HTN, a-atherosclerotic

Tx: CHF, angina, cardiac weakness

IA: tannins may dec drug abs (b-blockers)

Front 101

Curcuma longa

Back 101

Anti-inflam, a-neoplastic -> CA, OA, RA, inflam, prevent NSAID ulcers

Front 102

Convallaria majalis

Back 102

"Lily of the valley"

+ Inotropic, -ve chronotropic, diuretic

Tx: CHF, atrial arrhythmias

C/I: hypo-K/Mg/Ca, hyperCa, v arrhythmias, Kd failure, preg. BF

A/E: yellow/green halos, OD lethal! (antidote=K)

IA: K/Mg-depleting drugs, Ca pot arrhythmias/

b-blockers

Front 103

Cynara scolymus

Back 103

"Globe Artichoke"

Hypolipidemic, bitter digestive

C/I: bitter CI

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility)

Front 104

Datura stramonium

Back 104

Spasmolytic (Anticholinergic) -> asthma, cough
C/I: BPH, a-cholinergic sx (hot, red, dry, blind, mad)

IA: pot a-cholinergics, TCA

Front 105

Digitalis purpurea

Back 105

+inotrope, -chronotrope, diuretic, vasoconstrictive (via inhib Na, K, ATP pumps)

Tx (Cardiac glycosides): CHF, arrhythmia

A/E, C/I, IA all same as convallaria

*narrow therapeutic window - OD lethal

(antidote = K, digoxin Ab)

Front 106

Dioscorea villosa

Back 106

Ax: Spasmolytic, antirheumatic, anti-inflam

Tx: dysmenorrhea, endo, premature labour, myalgia, RA, OA

Front 107

Echinacea spp

Back 107

augustifolium & pallida = roots

purpurea = herb

Ax: Immunostimulant, a-microbial, vulnerary

Tx: URTI, skin infx, wounds, CA, HIV

C/I: asteracea allergy, possibly AI dz

Front 108

Eleuthrococcus senticosus

Back 108

Adaptogen -> CA, chronic inflam, fatigue, hypoadrenocorticism

A/E: stimulating -> insomnia, anxiety, irritability

C/I: LT use?, AI dz?

IA: may antag immune-suppressors

Front 109

Ephedra sinica

Back 109

a-Adrenergic agonist, bronchodilator

Tx: bronchitis, asthma

C/I: HTN, DM, hyperTh, BPH, glaucoma, preg/BF

OD (sympathomimetic) = n/v, vertigo, tremor, agitaion, urinary retention, tachy, palpitations

IA: pot sympathomimetics, antag a/b-blockers

Front 110

Equisetum arvense

Back 110

Alterative, aquaretic

Tx: acute/chronic skin dz, urolithiasis, lower UTI

C/I: sub other spp

IA: LT/high dose dec thiamine (beriberi)

Front 111

Eucalyptus globulus

Back 111

Ax: A-microbial, counterirritant (topical EO)

Topical -> OA, RA

Internal -> URTI

C/I: hypoT, preg use over lrg areas broken skin

Tox (high dose EO internal) = GI, cold skin, irregular breathing, mydriasis, hypoTh

Front 112

Eupatorium perfoliatum

Back 112

Diaphoretic, immunostim -> fever, infx

C/I: high fever, chronic use, hepatotox, asteracea allergy

A/E: hepato veno-occlusive dz -> LV failure (pyrrolizidine alkaloids)

IA: synergy w/ hepatotoxic drugs

Front 113

Eupatorium purpurea

Back 113

Anti-lithic -> urolithiasis

C/I: LT use, hepatotox (pyrrolizidine alkaloids)

IA: synergy w/ hepatotox drugs

Front 114

Euphrasia officinalis

Back 114

Anti-inflam -> ophthalmias, rhinitis, sinusitis

No C/I, A/E, IA known

Front 115

Foeniculum vulgare

Back 115

Carminative, galactogogue, phytoE

Tx: infant colic, dyspepsia, E cond'n, BF

C/I: GERD, biliary obstruction, high dose EO, preg

OD = CNS tox

Front 116

Galium aparine

Back 116

Alterative, aquaretic

Tx: chronic skin cond'n, LUTI

No A/E, C/I, IA

Front 117

Gelsemium sempervirens

Back 117

Ax: Anodyne, parturifacient, sedative

Tx: pain (o cyst), induce labor, insomnia

C/I: preg/BF

OD = diplopia, ptosis, convulsions, hypoT, hypothermia -> resp failure

Front 118

Gentiana lutea

Back 118

Bitter, hepatotonic -> poor dig, chronic LV dz

C/I: bitter CI

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility)

Front 119

Geranium maculatum

Back 119

Styptic (tannins), venotonic -> menorrrhagia, hemorrhoids, diarrhea

C/I: LT use, stop diarrhea completely

IA: dec drug abs (tannins)

Front 120

Ginkgo biloba

Back 120

Vasodilator-> intermittent claudication, cerebrovascular insuff (depression, dementia)

C/I: bleeding diathesis, hx hemorrhagic stroke

A/E: rash, bleeding, HA

IA: pot anticoag

Front 121

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Back 121

Ax: Adaptogen, phytoE, antiviral, hepatoprotective, expectorant, demulcent

C/I: HTN, hyperaldosteronism, cirrhosis/hep, preg, LT use

Tox = pseudoaldosteronism -> fatigue, HTN, rhabdomyolysis, Kd failure, hypoK. HypoTh

IA: pot cardiac glycosides/corticosteroids, avoid hypoK drugs (diuretics, b-blockers)

Front 122

Grindelia robusta

Back 122

RT stimulant, relaxing expectorant -> asthma, URTI, dry cough

C/I: asteracea allergy

Front 123

Hamamelis virginiana

Back 123

"Witch Hazel"

Styptic, venotonic -> mild hemorrhage, varicose v, chronic v insuff, DVT

C/I: completely stop diarrhea

A/E: nausea, rash

IA: dec drug abs (tannins)

Front 124

Harpagophytum procumbens

Back 124

Bitter, a-rheumatic/inflam

Tx: poor dig, gout, RA, OA

*Bitter C/I & IA

A/E: n/d, gas

Front 125

Humulus lupulus

Back 125

Bitter, hypnotic, nervine, phytoE

Tx: poor dig, insomnia, menopause

C/I: LT use (gynecomastia & dec libido in men)

*Bitter CI & IA

Front 126

Hyoscyamus niger

Back 126

Spasmolytic (a-muscarinic), secretolytic

Tx: mm spasm (incl. urinary), IC

C/I: LT/high dose

*A-cholinergic C/I, A/E, IA

Front 127

Hydrastis canadensis

Back 127

Bitter, "King of Mucous Membranes", a-microbial

*Bitter C/I (+preg/BF, LT/high dose) & IA

Tox = dysbioses, berberine displaces bilirubin from albumin

Front 128

Hypericum perforatum

Back 128

Tx: depression, CA, enveloped viruses (CMV, EBV, HSV, flu)

C/I: high dose w/ preg/strong UV light, suicidal ideation

Tox = photosensitivity rash

IA: Induces CYP 450/3A4 -> anti-retrovirals, TCA, theophylline, cyclosporin, digoxin, warfarin...

may pot serotonin syndrome w. SSRI

Front 129

Inula helenium

Back 129

Relaxing/stimulating expectorant, demulcent

Tx: asthma, COPD, cough, URTI

C/I: EO internally

Front 130

Iris versicolor

Back 130

Alterative, cholagogue -> biliary insuff, chronic skin dz, OA/RA

*Bitter C/I

A/E: n/v, catharsis

fresh -> irritate MM/skin

Front 131

Juglans nigra

Back 131

"Black Walnut"

Antiparasitic, antihelminthic

C/I: preg, LT use

Tox = carcinogenic/mutanogenic (d/t naphthoquinone - Juglone)

Front 132

Juniperus communis

Back 132

Dig stimulant (poor dig), aquaretic/a-microbial (UT infx)

C/I: bitter CI, renal inflam?

Tox (thujone) -> emmenagogue, abortifacient, convulsions

Bitter IA

Front 133

Larrea tridentata

Back 133

A-inflam, a-microbial, a-neoplastic

Tx: HSV (topical), CA, infx

C/I: LV dz, topical lrg area broken skin, preg/BF, LT/high dose

A/E: strong taste, n/v, hepatotox??

Front 134

Leonurus cardiaca

Back 134

A-arrhythmic, uterine tonic, bitter

Tx: PMS, menopause, endo, palpitations, hyperTh, poor dig

*bitter C/I, A/E

Front 135

Leptandra virginica

Back 135

Bitter, hepatotonic

Tx: poor dig, hep, LV congestion

*bitter C/I, A/E, IA

Front 136

Ligusticum porteri

Back 136

A-microbial, vasodilator -> RTI, angina

C/I: high dose in preg, allergy (whole body rash)

IA: may pot warfarin

Front 137

Ligustrum lucidum

Back 137

Immunomod, adaptogen -> infx, CA

IA: may antag immunosuppressives

Front 138

Linum usitatissumum

Back 138

"Flax"

Laxative -> constipation, hormone imbalance, hyperlipidemia

Tox (cyanogenic glycosides)

IA: aromatase inhib, 5a-reductase inhib, drug/Fe abs, pot anticoag

Front 139

Lobelia inflata

Back 139

Stimulating expectorant, LU tonic -> wet/

spasmotic cough, LU dz

*Topical parturifacient

C/I: dry cough, bulimia, preg/BF, high dose

Tox -> GI, resp depression (v limits OD)

Front 140

Lomatium dissectum

Back 140

Antiviral

C/I: high dose unprocessed herb, w/ UV Tx -> skin rash

Front 141

Lycopus virginicus

Back 141

"Bugleweed"

Thyroid/gonadotropin suppressive

C/I: infetility, preg/BF, hypoTh

IA: thyroid meds

Front 142

Matricaria chamomilla

Back 142

Vulnerary, carminative, anxiolytic

Tx: eczema, wounds, gastritis, IBD, anxiety, insomnia

C/I: high fever, high dose EO, Asteracea allergy

IA: may pot sedatives, dec drug abs (inc motility)

Front 143

Medicago sativa

Back 143

"Alfalfa"

PhytoE -> E-related cond'n

A/E: spoiled sprouts -> lupus-like syndrome

C/I: high dose in preg/BF

Front 144

Melaleuca alternifolia

Back 144

"Tea Tree"

Topical A-microbial/fungal

C/I: lrg area broken skin, internal, dermatitis

A/E: burning, contact dermatitis

Front 145

Melissa officnalis

Back 145

Carminative, nervine

Tx: HSV (topical), hyperTh, anxiety, poor dig

C/I: GERD, hypoTh (theory)

Front 146

Mentha piperita

Back 146

Carminative -> cholelithiasis, non-ulcer dyspepsia, flatus, maldig, IBS

C/I: GERD, G6PD def, high dose EO

A/E: Ht burn, neurotox (EO)

Front 147

Mitchella repens

Back 147

Uterine tonic, parturifacient

C/I: early preg

Front 148

Momordica charantia

Back 148

"Bitter Melon"

Ax: Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, bitter, immunomod

Tx: DM, psoriasis, GI parasite, HIV, dry cough

C/I: wet cough,

*Bitter C/I, A/e, IA

IA: pot hypoglycemics

Front 149

Ole europea

Back 149

HypoTN, cardioprotective, bitter, a-viral

Tx: HTN, hyperlipidemia, viral infx, hypotonic gut

C/I: hyperactive gut

A/E: GI

Front 150

Panax ginseng
Panax quinquefolium

Back 150

Adaptogen, phytoestrogen

Tx: CA, infx, AI dz, male infertility, DM, E cond'n

C/I: AI?, LT/high dose, Preg, HTN, anxiety

OD = euphoria, d, insomnia, HTN, skin eruptions

IA: may antag immunosuppressors

Front 151

Passiflora incarnata

Back 151

Hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine

IA: may pot SSRI, MAOI & sedatives

Front 152

Pausinystalia yohimbe

Back 152

Aphrodisiac, stimulant (a2-adrenergic antag)

Tx: ED, depression, narcolepsy

C/I: schizo, panic, PTSD, coronary a dz, severe edema, PUD, Kd/LV dz, preg/BF

A/E: a-cholinergic + anxiety

IA: a-adrenergic agonist

Front 153

Phytolacca americana

Back 153

Lymphatic -> lymphadenopathy, cysts, OA, RA

C/I: preg/BF (ST for mastitis safe)

A/E: GI, dermatitis, brady, slow resp, hypoT

Tox: catharsis, leukocytosis and systemic tox (d/t lectin)

Front 154

Piper methysticum

Back 154

"Kava Kava"

Nervine, anodyne -> anxiety, IC, neuralgia

C/I: BF, LT/high dose

OD = LV damage

LT use -> addiction, dermatitis

IA: pot anti-psychotics & benzos

Front 155

Piscidia erythrina

Back 155

Anodyne, nervine -> myalgia, neuralgia, HA, insomnia

C/I: preg, high dose

OD = n/v, syncope, convulsions, resp depression, HT failure, death

Front 156

Plantago major

Back 156

Demulcent (GI, LU, UT), vulnerary

Tx: gastritis, PUD, IC, UTI, dermatitis, wounds

C/I: wet cough

IA: dec abs of drugs (d/t polysacc, like althea & ulmus)

Front 157

Podophyllum peltatum

Back 157

A-neoplastic, A-HPV -> CA, warts

C/I: internal use, fresh root, preg (teratogen)/BF

Tox (internal) = catharsis, neuropathy, tachy, hypoT, unconsciousness, death

Topical -> death (if applied widely/systemically abs)

Front 158

Prunus serotina

Back 158

Relaxing expectorant -> spasmodic/dry cough

C/I: preg

Cyanide OD unlikely

Front 159

Prunus/Pygeum africanum

Back 159

prostatic corrective, 5a-reductase inhib -> BPH

*endangered!

Front 160

Pulsatilla vulgaris

Back 160

Anodyne, sedative -> pain, dysmen, endo

C/I: preg/BF

A/E: hypersalivation, n/v, arrhythmia, mydriasis, hypothermia, paralysis, convulsions

Front 161

Rhamnus fragula/purshiana

Back 161

Cathartic -> atonic constipation

C/I: >10d, bulimia, GI obstruction, unDx abd pain, <12yo, preg/BF

A/E: cramping, red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli

Tox = dependency, dehydration, mm/Kd destruction w/ hemat/albuminuria, uterus reflex

IA: hypoK drugs, dec drug abs (inc transit time)

Front 162

Rhodiola rosea

Back 162

Adaptogen, a-depressant -> stress, dec immune system, CA, depression

C/I: preg/BF

IA: may antag immunosuppressors

Front 163

Ricinis communis

Back 163

Topical (a-inflam, anodyne, parturifacient)

Internal (catharsis)

C/I: over broken skin (topical), >10d, bulimia, GI obstruction, unDx abd pain, <12yo, preg/BF

A/E: cramping, red urine/feces, pseudomelanosis coli

Tox = dependency, dehydration, mm/Kd destruction w/ hemat/albuminuria, uterus reflexIA: hypoK drugs, dec drug abs (inc transit time)

Front 164

Rosmarinus officinalis

Back 164

Antimicrobial, circulatory stim, nootropic

Internal: cerebrovascular insuff (dementia, debility), enhance Phase I/II LV detox, HA

Topical (EO): myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia

C/I: preg

OD = neurotox, death

Front 165

Rubus idaeus

Back 165

Parturifacient, uterine tonic -> labour prep

C/I: stop diarrhea, early preg

IA: tannins may dec drug abs

Front 166

Rumex crispus

Back 166

alterative, bitter -> chronic skin d/o, acne, constipation

Laxative/bitter C/I, A/E, IA

Front 167

Salix alba

Back 167

A-inflam, analgesic, a-pyretic

Tx: pain, fever, Oa, RA

C/I: childhood viral exanthems (risk of Reye synd), LT use, G6PD def, BF

Tox (salicylates) = GI irritation

IA: a-coag and NSAIDs

Front 168

Salvia officinalis

Back 168

a-microbial, a-secretory

Tx: meno hot flashes, URTI

C/I: high dose (thujone->neurotox/death), preg/BF

Front 169

Sambucus nigra

Back 169

Flower (Diaphoretic, a-inflam) - fever, URTI

Fruit (a-viral): infx

C/I: high fever (flower)

A/E: diarrhea (fruit)

Front 170

Sanguinaria canadensis

Back 170

Stimulating expectorant, topical escharotic, a-microbial

Tx: gingivitis (oral rinse), wet cough, cervical dysplasia/BCC/SCC (topical)

C/I: dry cough, preg/BF, infants

Internal A/E: n/v/d, HA, mydriasis, shock, coma

Topical A/E: ulcer, necrosis, nn/mm damage

Front 171

Scutellaria lateriflora

Back 171

"skullcap"

Hypnotic, anxiolytic, nervine, anodyne

Tx: anxiety, insomnia, pain

Front 172

Selenicereus grandiflorus

Back 172

a-arrhythmic, diuretic -> arrhythmia, CHF, palp

C/I: preg/BF, high dose

Tox = n/v, confusion, tachy

Front 173

Serenoa repens

Back 173

Prostatic tonic, 5a-reductase inhib -> BPH, hypertestosteronism

Front 174

Silybum marianum

Back 174

Hepatoprotective -> hep, cirrhosis, fatty LV

C/I: Asteracea allergy

*protects against drug-induced hepato/

nephrotox

Front 175

Sympthytum off

Back 175

"comfrey"

Demulcent, vulnerary -> wounds (top), dermatitis (top), LU/GI/UT inflam

C/I: wet cough, preg/BF, children, LT use

Tox -> hepatotox (hepato veno-occlusive dz)

IA: in hepatotox of drugs

UPA -> LV/Kd damage

Front 176

Tanacetum parthenium

Back 176

inflam mod, a-migraine

C/I: preg

A/E: fresh leaves -> burning, buccal ulcers

Front 177

Tanacetum vulgare

Back 177

a-parisitic, a-helminthic

C/I: preg/BF, LT/lrg dose EO carcinogenic (thujone & camphor)

A/E: v/d, rigid pupils, arrhythmias, convulsions, flushing

Front 178

Taraxacum off

Back 178

Leaf (Diuretic bitter) -> LUTI, urolithiasis
Root (Hepatoprotective bitter) -> poor dig, hep

*Bitter C/I, A/E, IA

Front 179

Thuja occidentalis

Back 179

Immunomod, anti-HPV -> warts (topical), pharyngitis, tonsillitis

C/I: preg, LT/high dose (thujone)

EO tox = neurotox, carcinogenic

Front 180

Thymus vulgaris

Back 180

A-microbial, a-H.Pylori, counterirritant (topical)

Topical -> myalgia, neuralgia, OA, RA, HA

Internal -> gastroenteritis, H.pylori, infx, asthma

C/I: LT/high dose EO -> neurotox lethal

Front 181

Trifolium pratense

Back 181

Phytoestrogen - E cond'n, meno

Front 182

Tussilago farfara

Back 182

Anti-tussive, demulcent -> wound, dermatitis, dry cough

C/I: internal, Asteracea allergy

UPA -> HVOD, LV/Kd damage

IA: inc hepatoxicity

Front 183

Ullmus rubra

Back 183

Demulcent (GI, LU, UT) -> GI/UT inflam, sore throat, dry cough

C/I: wet cough

*shouldn't be used d/t enviro effects

IA: dec drug abs

Front 184

Urtica dioica

Back 184

Leaf (Topical) - OA, RA

Leaf (internal) -LUTI

Root (internal) - BPH

Front 185

Usnea barbata

Back 185

A-microbial, a-fungal

Tx: infx, TB

Hepatotox w/ isolated usnic acid

Front 186

Vaccinium myrtillus

Back 186

Venotonic, a-adhesion, astringent

Tx: chron v insuff, DM retinopathy, varicose v, UTI

C/I: stop diarrhea

A/E: LT -> LV damage (leaf), diarrhea (fruit)

IA: tannins may dec drug abs

Front 187

Valeriana off

Back 187

Hypnotic, nervine -> insomnia, anxiety

A/E: daytime sedation

Front 188

Veratrum album/viride

Back 188

A-HTN

**C/I: EXTREMELY TOXIC - DO NOT Px

Front 189

Verbascum thapsus

Back 189

Demulcent, anti-tussive -> OM, OE, cough, asthma, COPD

Front 190

Verbena off

Back 190

Bitter, Pituitary-balancing -> poor dig, dysmen, endo, hypoP, anovulation/infertility, insuff lactation

*Bitter C/I, A/E, IA

Front 191

Viburnum opulus/prunifolium

Back 191

Spasmolytic -> dysmenorrhea, PMS, threatened miscarriage/premature labour, acute urolithiasis

NONE

Front 192

Viscum album/flavescense

Back 192

Hypotensive, immunomod

SubQ - HIV, CA

oral - HTN

C/I: preg/BF, high dose

OD = anemia, mydriasis, hemorrhage, LV/thymus damage, convulsions, death

Front 193

Vitex agnus-castus

Back 193

Pituitary balancing, uterine tonic -> dysmen, PMS, hyperprolactinemia, anovulation, hypoP

C/I: preg, impotence (high dose = aphrodisiac)

A/E: formication

Front 194

Withania somnifera

Back 194

Immunomod, adaptogen, nervine, aphrodisiac
Tx: stress, anxiety, insomnia, low libido, hypoTh

C/I: preg, AI dz?

IA: may antag immunosupp

Front 195

Zingiber

Back 195

Carminative, anti-emetic, anti-inflam, dig stim

Tx: poor dig, n/v, motion sickness, inflam

C/I: bitter CI, Raynauds

IA: bitter

Front 196

Artemisia Absinthum

Back 196

Bitter -> poor digestion, round/pinworms

C/I: Lrg doses (thujone), bitter CI, asteracea allergy

Tox = abortifacient/emmenagogue, v/d, convulsions

IA: PPI, dec drug abs

Front 197

Artemisia vulgaris

Back 197

Bitter -> poor digestion

C/I: bitter CI, allergy to asteracea, preg/BF

Tox = abortifacient/emmenagogue, v/d, convulsions

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility, pot hypoglycemics

Front 198

Asclepias tuberosa

Back 198

Ax: expectorant, a-tussive, diaphoretic

Tx: RT congestion/infx (bronchitis, pleurisy, cough, cold)

C/I: preg, lrg/LT doses

IA: possibly other cardiac glycosides (digoxin, convallaria, digitalis, leonarus)

Front 199

Bacopa monnieri

Back 199

Tx: cognition, poor memory, ADHD, hypoTh

A/E: saponins agg GERD

Front 200

Berberis vulgaris

Back 200

Bitter/cholagogue -> chronic hep, LV dz, gallstones

C/I: bitter CI, hyperbilirubinemia, Kd dz, acute LV dz, preg/BF

IA: PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility), pot barbiturates

Front 201

Camellia sinensis

Back 201

a-tumor, a-microbial, a-obesity

C/I: children, Beriberi (thiamine def)

A/E: agitation, insomnia, tremors

OD = hepatotoxic

IA: dec Fe abs, pot acetaminophen/clopidogrel/ doxorubicin/warfarin/CNS stimulants, antag sedatives, lots of drug int'ns w/ caffeine

Front 202

Cannabis sativa

Back 202

Ax: analgesic, sedative, anti-emetic

Tx: CA (cachexia/pain), glaucoma, pain, insomnia

acute A/E: dry mouth, dec ST memory, paranoia

chronic A/E: dec LH/FSH, genital dysfn, infertility, impaired judgement/[]/REM

C/I: preg/BF, hx schizophrenia, heavy machine

IA: pot opiates, EtOH, barbiturates

Front 203

Chionanthus virginicus

Back 203

Cholagogue, alterative -> LV/GB dysfcn

C/I: biliary obstruction

Front 204

Commiphora mukul

Back 204

Hypolipidemic -> hyperlipidemia

C/I: IBD, preg/BF, coagulation d/o

A/E: mild GI, HA

IA: dec propanolol

Front 205

Cordyceps sinensis

Back 205

Bronchodilator, anti-CA, antibiotic -> anemia, protects BM, asthma, acute infx

Front 206

Corydalis spp

Back 206

Ax: Strong analgesic, sedative, anti-arrhythmic

Tx: pain, protect from NSAID ulcer, angina, arrhythmia

C/I: preg/BF

A/E: dec menstrual flow, HA, fatigue

IA: pot barbiturates

Front 207

Eschscholzia californica

Back 207

Ax: hypnotic, anodyne

Tx: neuralgia, insomnia

C/I: preg/BF

A/E: addiction!!

IA: may pot MAOI, SSRI

Front 208

Fucus vesiculosis

Back 208

"Kelp"

A-hypoTh, A-rheumatic (int and top)

C/I: hyperTh, preg/BF, LT use (d/t high iodine)

A/E: dec GI abs (Fe, Na, K), abN CBC, d

Tox = heavy metal poisoning, urine arsenic

IA: levothyroxine, may pot amiodarone/lithium

Front 209

Ganoderma lucidum

Back 209

"Reishi"

Adaptogen

Tx: insomnia, CA adjunct, allergies, asthma

C/I: organ transplant, mold sensitivity

A/E: dark stool, d

IA: pot reserpine, chlorpromazine, amphetamines

Front 210

Gymnema sylvestre

Back 210

Tx: DM, hypercholesterolemia

C/I: GERD

IA: dec insulin req, pot hypoglycemics

Front 211

Hydrangea arborescens

Back 211

A-lithic, renal sedative -> prostatitis, UTI, pyelo/nephritis, urolithiasis

Front 212

A-Cholinergic - C/I, IA, A/E

Back 212

C/I: BPH, urinary retention, tachycardia, arrhythmia, closed-angle glaucoma, acute pul edema, GI stenosis, megacolon, preg/BF, child

"Hot, red, dry, blind, mad"

A/E: hyperthermia, flushed face, dry mm, mydriasis, blurred vision, giddy, loquacious, tachy, hallucinations, coma, death

IA: Pot a-cholinergics, TCA

Front 213

Bitter - C/I, IA, A/E

Back 213

C/I: GERD, PUD, gastritis, biliary obstruction, acute cholelithiasis, acute hep, diarrhea, Kd failure, preg/BF, LT use

A/E: GI sx (n)

IA: Antag PPI, dec drug abs (inc motility)

Front 214

Quercus rubra

Back 214

Astringent

Topical - weeping eczema, hemorrhoids

Douche - leukorrhea, PP uterine bleeding

Internal - diarrhea, IBD

C/I: CHF, lrg areas of skin damage

A/E: Fe def anemia, malabs w/ LT use

IA: tannins dec drug abs

Front 215

Rauwolfia serpentina

Back 215

Systemic vasodilator (depletes NE, Epi, dopa, 5HT), a-arrhythmic

Tx: HTN, pre-eclampsia, Raynauds

C/I: same as Tox, preg, LT use

A/E: nasal congestion, loose stools, edema

Tox: Severe catecholamine depletion -> nightmares, hyperchlorhydria, PUD, brady, depression, Parkinsonism

IA: thiazide diuretics, MAOI, TCA

Front 216

Schizandra chinensis

Back 216

Adaptogen, hepatoprotective -> chronic hep, LV damage, debility, depression

C/I: preg

A/E: reflux

IA: pot barbiturates, dec acetaminophen LVtox, inhibits CYP450, assists w/d from benzos/opiates

Front 217

Smilax spp

Back 217

Alterative, anti-inflam -> chronic dermatitis, OA, RA, gout

C/I: GERD

IA: inc abs digitalis glycosides

Front 218

Solidago spp

Back 218

A-catarrhal, a-microbial, a-inflam

Tx: wounds (topical), URTI, UTI

C/I: Asteracea allergy

Front 219

Scutellaria baicalensis

Back 219

"Chinese skullcap"

A-allergic, a-inflam -> asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, OA, RA, CA

C/I: preg 1T

IA: cyclosporine

Front 220

Theobroma cacao

Back 220

Vasodilator, sm mm relaxant -> bronchospasm, HTN

C/I: Ht dz (theoretical)

IA: dec Fe abs, MAOI -> HTN crisis

Front 221

Tilia europa

Back 221

Vasodilator, nervine -> migraine, HTN, anxiety

A/E: urticaria (topical), allergic rhinitis

IA: dec fe abs

Front 222

Tribulus terrestris

Back 222

Sex hormone enhancer -> infertility, libido, ED

C/I: GERD, preg/BF, cholestasis, BPH

Front 223

Vinca major/minor

Back 223

Circulatory stim, hypotensive -> meno/

metrorrhagia, mild bleeding, HTN, HA, poor memory

C/I: preg/BF, hypoTN