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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main action of complex carbohydrates
|
Demulcent
Some are also emollient, reflex expectorant, immunomodulating |
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What are the demulcent herbs
|
Althea officinalis, Avena sativa, Inula helenium, Momordica charantia, Plantago major, Symphytum officinale, Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Ulmus rubra
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When would a demulcent be CI
|
In the case of a wet cough
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When would a demulcent be indicated
|
UTI, urinary irritation, Dry Cough, GI irritation
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What is the best extraction or preparation for demulcents
|
Cold infussion
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What part of Echinacea is used as an immune modulator d/t its complex carbs
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Echinacea purpurea - above ground parts
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What is true of all parts of Echinacea and all types
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they are all anti-microbial and all inflammation modulators
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What conditions can immunomodulators be used for
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Diabetes (both types)
Autoimmune Cancer |
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What is characteristic of low molecular wt terpenoids and phenylpropanoids
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Very high potency and usually strong odors and tastes
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What are the three categories of herbs that are biter tasting and acting
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Iridoids
Sesquiterpene lactones Alkaloids |
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Where do you find diterpenoids
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Sometimes in volatile oils, mostly in resins
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What constituent at high doses acts as a cathartic laxative
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Anthraquinone glycosides
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What herbs contain Anthraquinone glycosides
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Aloe vera (latex)
Cassia spp. (Senna alexandrina) Rhammnus frangula Rhamnus purshiana Rumex crispus (mild) |
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How long does it take Anthraquinone glycosides to act
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About 6-8 hours - good to give at night so they will go in the morning
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What are the actions of Saponins glycosides
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Stimulating expectorant, GI irritant (toxic), hormone modulating, emulsifying (micelle forming), often immunomoduating
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What are Cardiac Glycosides used for
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A-Fib
CHF |
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What is the major concern, side effect of Cardiac Glycosides
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Arrhythmia's
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What are the actions of isothiacyanate glycosides and sulfer compounds
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Inflammation mod
Antimicrobial Some promote healthy E metabolism |
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What are the actions of flavonoid glycosides & Proanthocyanidins
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inflammation mod
Venotonic antioxidants anti fibrotic |
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What herbs have isothiacyanate glycosides and sulfer compounds
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Allium cepa
Allium sativum Capsella bursa-pastoris |
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When are isoflavones CI
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Ovarian and Breast Cancer
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What is the main action of isoflavones
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phytoestrogens
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What herbs contain isoflavondes
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Medicago sativa
Trifolium pratense All legumes (Fabaceae family) |
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What are the actions of tannins
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astringent
chelate minerals and alkaloids |
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What conditions are tannins indicated for
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Catar
Diarrhea Hemorrhoids Exudates -atopic dermatitis |
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What are the primary tannins and therefore astringent and what system are they each specific for
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Cinnamonmum zeylanicum
Geranium maculatum - GI Hamamelis virginiana - vein Rubus idaeus - uterus |
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What are the classic anticholinergic herbs (list from least potent to most potent)
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Atropa belladonna (GI)
Datura stramonium (Pulmonary) Hyoscyamus niger (UG) |
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What are anticholinergic herbs indicated for
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Peptic ulcer, PMS, kidney stones
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How can you contrast Bitters and Carminative
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Bitters are stimulating to the GI and carminatives are relaxing
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How is capiscum used internally
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as a formula synergizer and as a cardiac stimulator (heat)
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What are the main cholagogues
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Chelidonium majus
Iris versicolor |
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What are the two indications of Chelidonium majus
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Biliary insufficiency
HPV - warts (topical only) |
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Which is stronger between Chelidonium and Iris
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Iris
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What are the indications of Iris versicolor
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Gall stone prevention
Biliary insufficiency Biliary dyskinesia Chronic skin dz |
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What is an important concern with GI stimulating and/or irritating herbs
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CI in pregnancy can also stimulate and irritate the uterus
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Overdose of Cardiac Glycosides can be dx with what test? How do you antidote
|
EKG
K, Ca, Mg, Charcole There is also an antidote for the drug, however this most likely not work for the whole herb |
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What indicates overdose of Cardiac Glycosides
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GI upset
fatigue Halo's around the light Arrhythmias Anorexia |
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What are long term effects of Cardiac Glycosides
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Gynecomastia
Loss of libido |
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What are the neurotoxic herbs that work directly on the nerves
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Aconitum napellus
Bryonia cretica Pausinystalia yohimbe Rauvolfia serpentina Veratrum viride Volatile oils |
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What are the CI of Aconitum napellus
|
Pregnancy
Lactation Arrhythmias |
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What are the main indications for Aconitum napellus
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Pain
High fever insomnia |
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What are the main indications for Rauvolfia serpentina
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HTN - works on CNS by depleting catecholamine storage: systemic vasodilation, antiarrhythmic
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What is the therapeutic dose of reserpine, active constituent in Rauvolfia serpentina?
Max dose? |
Therapeutic - 0.05 to 0.1 mg
Max dose - 0.2 mg |
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What drug is CI in the use of Rauvolfia serpentina
|
MAO inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants Digoxin |
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What is the main concern with high doses of Rauvolfia and therefore what does should not be exceded when using this herb
|
Decreases dopamine and could therefore induce Parkinsonian condition
Doses 1 g and greater is what leads to these sx |
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What is an early sign of overdose on Veratrum viride and alba
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Vomiting
Then Low BP, Changes in heart rate, vision and mental status |
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What is the main indication of Veratrum viride and alba
|
HTN (not used much d/t high toxicity)
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What are the thujone containing herbs
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Tanacetum vulgare
Thuja occidentalis Achillea millefolium (really low) Salvia officinalis (really low) |
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Compare Tanacetum vulgare and Tanacetum parthenium
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Tanacetum vulgare is a toxic and should only be used with caution. It is abortifatient and neurotoxic. Is used as an antiparasitic
Tanacetum partenium is safe and can be used for migraines and inflammation |
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What is Thuja occidentalis indicated for, what form should be used
|
immunomodulating
anti-HPV antimicrobal, antifungal any form but volatile oil |
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What herbs contain UPAs
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Cineraria maritima
Eupatorium perfoliatum Epatorium purpureum Tussilago farfara Borago officinalis Lithospermum ruderale Symphytum officinale |
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What tissue is mainly effected by UPAs
|
Liver (around venules)
- can cause HVOD (hepato veno-occlusive dz) Kidney |
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How long can an herb containing UPAs be used
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For the purpose of NPLEX - a couple of days
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When is UPAs CI
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Kidney damage
Liver damage Cancer |
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What is the extract that is best for herbs containing UPAs
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Extract with as much of an alkaline preparation that you can do reduce the UPAs that are extracted. This means it is best to use water, if you must do a tincture, make it alkaline.
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What are sedative herbs to be concerned of
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Aconitum spp
Gelsemium sempervirens Pulsatilla vulgaris Piscidia erythrina |
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What is lethal in overdose
|
Digitalis
Veratrum Aconitum Gelsemium Sanguinaria Pulsatilla Podophyllum Ephedra Arnica UPAs Anticholenergics (belladonna, Datura stromonium, hyoscyamus) |
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Which is stronger between Gelsemium and Pulsatilla and what is a typical dose
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Pulsatilla is 2x as strong as Gelsemium
Gelsemium - 10 gtts/dose Pulsatilla - 5 gtts/dose |
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When is Piper methysticum CI
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kidney or liver failure
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When is Ephedra CI
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HTN, DM, Hyperthyroidism, BPH, glaucoma, coronary artery dz, pregnancy, lactation, high doses
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What herbs are CI for BPH
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Ephedra
Anticholenergics |
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What drugs are CI to use with Ephedra
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caffeine (need to use lower doses)
MAO inhibitors alpha/beta adrenergic agonists alpha or beta blockers amphetamines |
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What are the stimulating expectorants
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Lobelia
Sanguinaria Aspidosperma quebracho |
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When is Lobelia indicated
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wet cough
poisoning where vomiting is desirable |
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When is Lobelia CI
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dry cough
bulimia pregnancy lactation infants |
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What is key for Achillea millefolium
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Aromatic bitters
Vulnary Inflammation modulating Styptic Sesquiterpene lactones Safe |
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Aconitum napellus
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VERY LOW DOSE
Neurotoxic Analgesic Arrhythmia causing |
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Actea racemosa
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Hormone modulator
Anti-Arthritic CI - Pregnancy |
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Aesculus hippocastanum
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Causes Nausea
Venous Tonic Escin = saponin (in isolation hepatotoxic) |
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Allium cepa
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Anti microbial
Cardiovascular tonic inhibits insulin break down |
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Allium sativum
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Cardovascular tonic
antimicrobial antineoplastic |
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Aloe Vera
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Gel - Demulcent, Immunomodulating, Antidiabetic
Latex - Cathartic Laxative |
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Althea officinalis
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Demulcent
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Angelica archangelica
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Aromatic bitter
Furanocoumarin - low risk of photosensitization |
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Angelica sinensis
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Hormone modulator
Anti-hemoragic Immune mod |
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Arctium lappa
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Hepato protective
Bitter Root |
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Arctostaphylos uva ursi
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Astringent
Urinary antiseptic Cold infussion Leaf |
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ARnica montana
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Flower
Vulnerary Inflam mod Topical ONLY Internal hepato toxic |
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Artemisia annua
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Leaf
Anti malaria Anti parasitic Artemisinin - sesquiterpene lactone |
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Aspidosperma quebracho
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Bark
Endangered Stimulating Expectorant |
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Astragalus membranaceus
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Root
Immune Mod Poly saccharides |
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Atropa belladonna
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Leaf or root
Anticholanergic - GI, female repo Atropine |
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Avena sativa
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Fruit
Neurvine Anti-addictive Demulcent |
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Baptisia tinctoria
|
Root
Alkaloids Antimicrobial Bitter Immune stimulating |
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Berberis aquifolium (Mahonia) & Berberis vulgaris
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Root
Berberine Antimicrobial Antineoplastic Inflamm Mod (skin and GI) |
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Borago officinalis
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Oil - Inflamm Mod
Whole plant - alterative, UPAs |
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Boswellia serrata
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Resin
Inflamm Mod |
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Bryonia alba
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Root
Lectin Analgesic LOW DOSE |
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Calendula officinalis
|
Flower
Carminative |
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Capsella bursa pastoris
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Herb
Anti-hemeragic |
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Capsicum frutescens
|
Capsaicin
|
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Cassia spp
|
Fruit/leaf
anthroquinone glycosides Cathartic laxative can cause pseudomelanosis coli - reversable |
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Caulophylum thalictroides
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Root
Alkaloids Partus prep - however concern for baby |
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Ceanothus americanus
|
Root
Lymphogogue (Spleen) |
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Centella asiatica
|
Entire plant
Antifibrotic Saponins CT tonic Inflam mod |
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Camaelirium luteum
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Root
Hormone mod Saponin Endangered |
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Chelidonium majus
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Herb
Alkaloids Strong chologogue Anti-HPV topical |
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Cineraria maritima
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Herb
UPAs Anti-cataract topical |
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Cinnamomum zeylanicum
|
Bark
Terpanoids (oil or tincuture) - Antimicrobial, CV stimulating Tannins - Astringent, stiptic Carminative |
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Coleus forskohlii
|
Root
Adenalate cyclase activator Hypothyroidism Asthma Allergies Obesity HTN foskolin - diterpenoid |
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Commiphora myrrha/molmol
|
resin
antimicrobial Bitter Inflam Mod |
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Crataegus oxyacantha
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CV tonic
Safe |
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Curcuma longa
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Rhyzome
Curcumin - inflam mod antineoplastic |
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Convallaria majalis
|
add
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Cynara scolymus
|
Bitter
Hypolipidemic |
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Datura stramonium
|
Leaf
Anticholanergic (lung) |
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Digitalis
|
Leaf
Cardiac glycosides that does accumulate |
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Dioscorea villosa
|
Spasmolytic
Root |
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Echinacea
|
Add
|
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Eleuthrococcus senticosus
|
Immune mod
Adaptagen Iridoids & polysacharides |
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Ephedra
|
Stem
|
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Equisetum arvense
|
Strengthens connective tissue
Diaretic |
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Eucoalyptus globulus
|
Leaf or volitile oil
Resp antiseptic |
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Eupatorium perfoliatum
|
UPAs
Immune stimulating Herb |
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Eupatorium purpurea
|
UPAs
Root Kidney stone prevention |
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Euphrasia officinalis
|
herb
inflam mod Upper Resp |
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Foeniculum vulgare
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Carminative
Fruit/seed |
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Galium aparine
|
Herb
Diuretic |
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Gelsemium sempervirens
|
Root
Sedative Low Dose |
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Gentiana lutea
|
Root
Bitter |
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Geranium maculatum
|
Root
Astringent |
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Ginkgo biloba
|
CV tonic
Inflam mod nootropic |
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Glycyrrhiza glabra
|
add
|
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Grindelia robusta
|
Flower bud resin
Inflamm mod Mucolytic |
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Hamamelis virginiana
|
Leaf or bark
Astringent (veins) |
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Harpagophytum procumbens
|
Antiarthritis
iridoids Root Bitter |
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Humulus lupulus
|
Bitter
Phytoestrogen Inflam mod Nervine |
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Hyoscyamus niger
|
Herb
Anticholenergic (Urinary tract) LOW DOSE |
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Hydrastis canadensis
|
Root
Berberine - antimicrobial, antineoplatic Tannins- astringent |
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|
Hypericum perforatum
|
Hyperforin
Drug interaction Antibacterial Hypericin - antidepresant Flavanoids Vulnerary Anti-neuralgic Anti viral (herpes and HIV) |
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Inula helenium
|
Bitter
Demulcent Root Pulmonary tonic |
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Iris versicolor
|
Rhyzome
Strong chologogue Lymphogogue |
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Juglans nigra
|
Fruit
Antiperasitic |
|
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Juniperus communis
|
Cone (fruit)
Strong diuretic Strong antimicrobial Inflamm mod |
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Larrea tridentata
|
Herb
resin NDGA Antimicrobial Inflamm mod antineoplastic Hepatoxicty |
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Leonurus cardiaca
|
Herb
Nervine Bitter Anti-arrhythmic |
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Leptandra virginica
|
Root
Bitter Hepatoprotective |
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Ligustrum lucidum
|
Fruit
Immuno mod Adaptogen |
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Lithospermum ruderale
|
Root
Thyro suppressive UPAs Can cause infertility |
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Lobelia inflata
|
Herb
Expectorant |
|
|
Ligusticum porteri
|
Immune stim
Antimicrobial Photosensitivity |
|
|
Lomatium dissectum
|
Root
Same as legusticum |
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|
Lycopus virginicus
|
Herb
Same as Lithosperma w/o UPAs |
|
|
Matricaria chamomilla
|
Fresh - Carminative
Flower Cooked - bitter Inflamm Mod Nervine |
|
|
Medicago sativa
|
phytoestrogen
herb |
|
|
Melaleuca alternifolia
|
Antimicrobial
Antifungal - topical |
|
|
Melissa officnalis
|
Leaf
Carminative Anti-herpes Interferes w/thyroantibodies |
|
|
Mentha piperita
|
Leaf
Carminative Aggravates GERD |
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|
Mitchella repens
|
Leaf/Berry
Uterine Tonic |
|
|
Momordica charantia
|
Fruit
Bitter Demulcent Antidiabetic |
|
|
Ole europea
|
Leaf
Bitter antimicrobial Hypotensive |
|
|
Panax ginseng
Panax quinquefolium |
Immuno mod
Bitter Adaptogen Phytoestrogen |
|
|
Passiflora incarnata
|
Leaf
Nervine |
|
|
Pausinystalia yohimbe
|
Bark
|
|
|
Phytolacca americana
|
Root
Strong Lymphogogue Lectin toxicity |
|
|
Piper methysticum
|
Root
Nervine Hepatotoxic |
|
|
Piscidia erythrina
|
Bark
Strong spasmolytic Sedative |
|
|
Plantago major
|
Leaf
Demulcent Vulnerary |
|
|
Podophyllum peltatum
|
Root
|
|
|
Prunus serotina
|
Bark
Antitussive |
|
|
Pygeum africanum
|
BPH corrective
|
|
|
Pulsatilla
|
add
|
|
|
Rhamnus fragula/purshiana
|
athroquinone gllycosides
Cathartic laxative |
|
|
Rhodiola rosea
|
Root
Adaptagen Immuno mod |
|
|
Ricinis communis
|
Ricin - deadly toxin from whole seed
oil topical inflam mod |
|
|
Rosmariunus officinalis
|
Antimicrobial
otherwis same as ginkgo |
|
|
Rubus idaeus
|
Leaf or fruit
astringent |
|
|
Rumex
|
Root
Bitter Weak anthroquinone glycosides laxative |
|
|
Salix
|
Bark
Salicilates Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Febrifuge |
|
|
Salvia officinalis
|
Leaf
antimicrobial antioxidant Thujone low risk |
|
|
Sambucus nigra
|
Flower - diaphoretic, immune stim
Fruit - anti viral Proanthocyanidins |
|
|
Sanguinaria
|
Strong stimulating expectorant and emetic
topical escorotic |
|
|
Scutellaria lateriflora
|
herb
nervine bitter |
|
|
Selenicereus grandiflorus
|
Stem and flower
antiarrhythmic low dose |
|
|
Serenoa repens
|
BPH corrective
fruit phytoestrogen anti T |
|
|
Silybum marianum
|
seed
hepato protective nephro protective |
|
|
Sympthytum
|
leaf safer than root
UPAs Demulcent vulnerary |
|
|
Tanacetum parthenium
|
Leaf
Migraines Inflam mod |
|
|
Tanacetum vulgare
|
Abortifacient
Neurotoxic Anti-parasitic |
|
|
Taraxacum offi
|
Leaf - Diuretic bitter
Root - Nutrative, hepatoprotective bitter |
|
|
Thuja occidentalis
|
Antimicrobial
Leaf Anti HPV Immun mod |
|
|
Thymus
|
leaf or volitle oil
Antimicrobial Spasmolytic |
|
|
Trifolium pratense
|
Phytoestrogen
Flower Lymphogogue Antineoplastic |
|
|
Tussilago farfara
|
Leaf
UPAs Anti-tissive Demulcent |
|
|
Ullmus rubra
|
bark
Demulcent Endangered |
|
|
Urtica dioica
|
Leaf
Diuretic Antirheumatic Inflam mod Root - BPH corrective |
|
|
Usnea barbata
|
Thalus
Antimicrobial |
|
|
Vaccinium myrtillus
|
Leaf and fruit
Antiadhesioin of bacteria Astringent Anti retinopathy Antidiabetic |
|
|
Valeriana offi
|
Root
Strong nervine |
|
|
Veratrum alba and viride
|
root
EXTREME low DOSE Hypotensive |
|
|
Verbascum thapsus
|
Flower - nervine
Leaf - rep tonic root - demulcent |
|
|
Verbena off
|
Leaf
Nervine Bitter |
|
|
Viburnum prunifolium
|
Bark
Spasmolytic |
|
|
Viscum album
|
add
|
|
|
Viscum flavescens
|
add
|
|
|
Vitex
|
Fruit
Hormone mod |
|
|
Withania somnifera
|
Root
Immune mod Adaptogen Nervine Male affinity |
|
|
Zingiber
|
Carminative
Rhyzome Anti-nausea |
