Npb_Principle Of Systemic Physiology

Front 1

Level of Organization
of an
Organism

Back 1

1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism

Front 2

Function of a Cell

Back 2

1. obtain nutrient & oxygen
2. metabolism
3. synthesis
4. exchange of materials
5. intracellular transport
6. reproduction

Front 3

4 Primary Types of Tissue
& their specialization

Back 3

1. Muscle - contraction
2. Nervous - transmission of signal
3. Epithelial - exchange of materials
4. Connective - structural support

Front 4

Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 4

1. cardiac muscle
2. skeletal muscle
3. smooth muscle

Front 5

Types of Nervous Tissue

Back 5

1. central - brain & spinal cord
2. peripheral - everything else

Front 6

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Back 6

1. epithelial sheets - form boundaries
2. glands - secretion of synthesized materials
a. exocrine
b. endocrine

Front 7

Types of Connective Tissue

Back 7

1. Tendons - connect muscle to bone
2. Bones - produce blood
3. Blood

Front 8

Definition of an Organ

Back 8

def. two or more primary tissues organized to perform a function

Front 9

Name some Organ Systems

Back 9

1. Circulatory System
2. Digestive System
3. Respiratory System
4. Urinary System
5. Skeletal System
6. Muscular System
7. Integumentary System
8. Immune System
9. Reproductive System

Front 10

Define Homeostasis

Back 10

def. the dynamic maintenance of a stable internal (extracellular) environment within the organism

Front 11

Factors that must maintain homeostasis

Back 11

1. concentration of nutrients
2. concentration of O2 & CO2
3. concentration of waste product
4. pH
5. temperature
6. concentration of water & electrolytes
7. volume & presure
9. defense against foreign invaders

Front 12

Name the control systems for homeostasis

Back 12

1. intrinsic - local control built into an organ
2. extrinsic - external control system outside of an organ permitting coordinated regulation of several organs

Front 13

What is negative feedback?

Back 13

def. change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change
-ex: think thermostat temp control

Front 14

Define Positive Feedback.

Back 14

def. reinforces the change in a controlled variable; occur relatively rarely

ex. childbirth - once started, it does not stop

Front 15

Define Feedforward control

Back 15

def. response occurring in anticipation of a change in a control variable

Front 16

Level of Organization
of a Cell

Back 16

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
a. Organelles
i/ER
ii/Golgi
iii/lysosomes
iv/peroxixomes
v/mitochondria
vi/vaults
b. Cytosol
c. Cytoskeleton
i/microtubules
ii/microfilaments
iii/intermediate
filaments
iv/microtrabecular
lattice

Front 17

Scaling:

Size of a Cell?

Thickness of Cell Membrane?

Size of individual Protein

Back 17

10-20 micrometers

~10 nanometers

1-3 nanmeters

Front 18

Define plasma membrane.

Back 18

def. thin membrane enclosing each cell
- composed of phospholipid bilayer
- separate intracellular and extracellular paces
- serves as barrier to diffusion
- contains protein and carbohydrate that reside w/in the bilayer

Front 19

Define nucleus.

Back 19

def. membrane bound organelle containing the genetic material
a. genes are composed of
i/DNA
ii/RNA
-mRNA
-rRNA
-tRNA

Front 20

Define cytoplasm

Back 20

def. portion of the cell's interior not occupied by the nucleus

Front 21

Define Organelles and
Where they are found.

Back 21

def. membrane-enclose structures that carry out specific functions

They are found in the cytoplasm.

Front 22

Name 6 types of organelles commonly found in all cells.

Back 22

1. ER - 2 types
a. rough ER
b. smooth ER
2. Golgi Complex
3. lysosomes
4. peroxisomes
5. mitochondria
6. vaults

Front 23

Structure and Function
of the
ER

Back 23

1. ER - continuous fluid filled network of membranous tubules
a. rough ER:
i/ ER membrane
covered with
ribosomes
ii/ synthesize and
release proteins
into the ER
proteins, where
it can be
secreted or
transported to
sites w/in
the cell
b. smooth ER:
i/ ER membrane lacks
ribsomes
ii/ serves to package
and transport
molecules
synthesized in
the RER to the
Golgi complex
for further
processing

Front 24

Structure and Function
of a
Ribosome

Back 24

constructed in the nucleus & programmed to carry out the synthesis of a single type of protein
- can be free floating

Front 25

Structure and Function
of the
Golgi Complex

Back 25

- sets of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs stacked in layers
- specialized for processing raw materials into finished products, and directing the product to their destinations including secretion

Front 26

Structure and Function
of a
Lysosome

Back 26

- membrane-enclosed sacs derived from the Golgi complex containing hydrolytic nz to digest & remove unwanted material

Front 27

Define endocytosis.

Back 27

def. the process by which extracellular material is brought into the cell
-2 types:
i/pinocytosis - invagination of the PM to form a pouch and internlize extracellular fluid (cell drinking)
ii/phgocytosis - invagination of the PM to form a large vesicle and internlize large particles such as bacteria or tissue debris

*storage disease: no breakdown of the endocytotic materials

Front 28

Define exocytosis.

Back 28

def. membrane enclosed vesicles containing finished products fuse with the PM thereby secreting the contents

Front 29

Structure and Function
of a
Peroxisome

Back 29

- membrane-enclosed sacs containing oxidative nz
- acts to remove hydrogen from toxic molecules to make H2O2; H2O2 is then degraded by catalase contained within the peroxisome
- acts to detoxify cell

Front 30

Structure and Function
of a
Mitochondria

Back 30

- oval double membrane-enclosed organelle containing nzs responsible for aerobic metabolism and the production of cellular energy in the form of ATP

Front 31

Define glycolysis.

Back 31

- sequence of nz-atic rxn
carried out by the cytosol
- oxidation of sugar in which
glc is converted into 2
pyruvate
- net yield of 2 ATP

Front 32

Define Citric Acid Cycle.

Back 32

- sequence of nz-atic rxn carried out in mitochondrial matrix
- energy stored in acetyl-CoA forms 1ATP, 2CO2, 3NADH, 1 FADH2
- 2 acetyl-CoA from pyruvate metabolism

Front 33

Function of NADH

Back 33

- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-H
- derivative of vitamin B (niacin)
- acts as energy source by donating electrons

Front 34

Function of FADH2

Back 34

- flavine adenine nucleotide
- derivative of vitamin B (riboflavin)
- acts as an energy source by donating electrons

Front 35

catalase

Back 35

def. an antioxidant nz that decomposes H2O2 into H2O and O2

Front 36

Net Equation
of
Electron Transport Chain

Back 36

- occur in mito inner membrane cristae
- Rxn: 8NADH -> 24 ATP +4H2O
2FADH2-> 8 ATP +2H2O
- Net: 1Glc -> 36 ATP +6H2O
+6CO2
- produces 32 moles of ATP

Front 37

Define vaults.

Back 37

- octagonally shaped
proteinaceous organelles which
may function to transport
molecules, such as mRNA, to
sites within the cytoplasm

Front 38

Location and Function of Cytosol

Back 38

def. semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm
- 3 functions takes place in
cytosol:
1. enzymatic regulation
of intermediate
metabolism
2. ribosomal protein
synthesis
3. storage of fat and
glycogen

Front 39

Define cytoskeleton
& state their components.

Back 39

def. complex intracellular protein network that provides structural support and the capability for transport of material and cellular movement.
- Composed of 4 major components.
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
4. microtrabecular
lattice

Front 40

Define microtubules.

Back 40

- long, hollow, unbranched proteinaceous tubes
- composed primarily of tubulin
- responsible for maintaining cell shape & controlling cellular movement (i.e. vesicular transport, movement of cilia and flagella) & distribution of c'some during cell division

Front 41

Define microfilaments.

Back 41

- filaments compose of two string of actin molecule
- fnc in cellular contraction and provide mechanical support of cellular extensions such as villi

Front 42

Define intermediate filaments.

Back 42

- irregular thread-like protein molecules
- provide structural support for cellular components by forming lattice that suspends other components of the cytoskeleton & organelles
- connected to the inner layer of the PM
- act as the cell's skeleton by providing shape, rigidity, and structural support

Front 43

Define cell.

Back 43

- basic "building block" for the complex tissue and organs that make up the body

Front 44

Define Tissue

Back 44

def. aggregate of cells and extracellular material; has 4 main types

Front 45

Define Organ System.

Back 45

def. collection of organs that perform related function essential to survival

Front 46

Components of a Negative-Feedback Control System

Back 46

a. set point - the desired
value of the variable
1. deviation in controlled var
(detected by)
b. sensor - mechanism to
detect the controlled
variable
(informs)
c. integrator - compares
the senor's input with
the set point
(sends instructions to)
d. effector - adjusts the
value of the controlled
variable
(brings about)
e. compensatory response
(results in)
f. controlled variable
restored to normal
(leads to)
g. negative feedback to
shut off the system
responsible for the
response

Front 47

Function of membrane proteins

Back 47

1. can selectively tranport molecules and ions
2. can act as receptors to signal responses by the cell
3. can form adhesions and junctions w/other cells