Npb 101 Exam 1

Front 1

Undifferentiated cells of repr. system and what they turn into

Back 1

Germ cells - Spermatogonia or Ooogonia
Epithelial - Sertoli or Granulosa
Mesenchymal Cells - Leydig, or Theca

Front 2

phasic

Back 2

change in stimulus and rate of change.

Front 3

helicotrema

Back 3

end of the tympana vestibuli

Front 4

organ of corti

Back 4

hair cells are here attaches to basilar membrane

Front 5

diagram synaptic transmission

Back 5

1 axon depol 2. ca2+ volt gate channels open 3. Ca fuses syn vesc to memb 4. diffusion of NT 5. NT to receptor 6. open or close ion channels.

Front 6

EPSP opens what channels

Back 6

nonspecific ion channels which lets more Na than K+ in and thus depolarize cell

Front 7

IPSP opens channels for what

Back 7

K+ or Cl-

Front 8

morphology of electrical synapse

Back 8

connexons are what make up gap junctions allow small ions to go through

Front 9

efferent is made up of

Back 9

Somatic and autonomic

Front 10

how many spinal nerves

Back 10

31

Front 11

how many cranial nerves

Back 11

12

Front 12

diagram cross section of spinal cord

Back 12

Ventral horn - cell bodies of somatic efferent Lateral horn - bodies of autonomic efferent Dorsal horn - interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate

Front 13

types of afferent

Back 13

visceral and sensory which is made up of somatic and special

Front 14

types of receptors by speed

Back 14

tonic - slow or don't adapt and tell level of stimulus. Phasic - adapt fast and tell about change of stimulus

Front 15

Tonic

Back 15

Level

Front 16

phasic

Back 16

change

Front 17

lateral inhibition

Back 17

uses interneuron hyperpolarizing neighboring cell to increase contrast

Front 18

labeled line coding

Back 18

way to keep info discreet. Info from certain types of receptors go through a very specific pathway into nervous system.

Front 19

somatosensory cortex

Back 19

behind central sulcus

Front 20

diagram ear

Front 21

hearing range

Back 21

0-120dB and 20 - 20,000Hz

Front 22

pitch

Back 22

tone - frequency

Front 23

intensity

Back 23

loudness - amplitude

Front 24

timbre

Back 24

quality - overtones

Front 25

sound wave conduction

Back 25

pinna - ext aud meatus - tymp memb - bones - oval window - to perilymog in scala vestibuli - to make sound goes through vestibular membrane then organ of corti vibrating and making the hair cells bend against the tectorial membrane then through the basilar membrane to the scala tympani.

Front 26

Otolith organs

Back 26

uttricle and saccule - detect linear accelleration important for

Front 27

semicircular canal

Front 28

colors of rods

Back 28

red green and blue

Front 29

light phototransduction

Back 29

closes Ca channels in the light and inhibits release of glutamate which allows the on bipolar cell (depolarizing bipolar cell to fire)

Front 30

Dark phototransduction

Back 30

Open Ca channels in the dark glutamate causes these off bipolar cells (hyperpolarizing cells)

Front 31

In the dark Na+ channels of a photoreceptor are ...

Back 31

open so it will release glutamate

Front 32

Hair cells neuron

Back 32

at rest a basal firing rate of neuron for hair cells. If they bend towards kinocilium - depolarize. If they bend away from kinocilium - hyperpolarization.

Front 33

In the light photoreceptor cell Na+ channels are

Back 33

closed so it will not release glutamate

Front 34

how many photoreceptors per ganglion

Back 34

about 100

Front 35

receptive field of ganglion

Back 35

circle of photoreceptors

Front 36

classification of visual ganglions

Back 36

1)on center off surround 2)off center on surround

Front 37

Diagram eyes and brain and how info is parced about the visual field.

Front 38

Define somatic nervous system

Back 38

one of 2 branches of PNS voluntary efferent control of skeletal muscle

Front 39

What post ganglionic fibers secrete noradrenaline as the NT

Back 39

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers (autonomic of PNS efferent)

Front 40

What organs usually only get sympathetic

Back 40

veins and arterioles, and sweat glands

Front 41

How many neurons in the ANS chain

Back 41

2- pre and post ganglionic

Front 42

Motor neuron releases what NT

Back 42

Ach

Front 43

reflex path

Back 43

stimulus - sensor - afferent path - integration - efferent path - effector - response

Front 44

inverse stretch reflex

Back 44

involves golgi tendon organ, gives tension on organ. Tendon signals to shut muscle down through inhibitory neuron that inhibits alpha motor neuron

Front 45

withdrawal reflex

Back 45

excites flexor, inhibits opposite muscle.

Front 46

Cross extensor reflex

Back 46

extension on opposite side couple with withdrawal on

Front 47

motor unit

Back 47

nerve and all muscle fibers it innervates

Front 48

ANS post ganglionic innervation of smooth muscle

Back 48

has varicosities bulges at the end of the axons that release NTs (synapse en passant) that increase or decrease leakiness and hence rate

Front 49

Calcium in skel muscle

Back 49

binds to troponin - the troponin/tropomyosin complex moves away from mysoin binding site on activin

Front 50

Calcium in smooth muscle

Back 50

activates calmodulin that leads to myosin light chain kinase which phosphorolates light chain on myosin so it can form crossbridge

Front 51

twitch in smooth muscle is up to 30 times slower

Front 52

pacemaker potential

Back 52

change in leakiness of sodiom or potassium in smooth muscle that keeps a regular action potential happening

Front 53

pyramidal fibers

Back 53

efferent from primary motor cortex straight to spinal cord telling what kind of movement to do

Front 54

CNS motor efferent serves 3 function

Back 54

initiate movement, adjust posture, coord of muscles.

Front 55

Upper motor neurons

Back 55

pyramidal and extrapyramidal fibers.

Front 56

cerebellum

Back 56

planning coordination and posture. Gets every form of sensory afferent.

Front 57

problems with cerebellum cause

Back 57

intention tremors, rough jerky movement, overshoot, movement decomposition

Front 58

Basal ganglia

Back 58

plans movement, decreases muscle tone, posture.

Front 59

problems with basal ganglia

Back 59

resting tremors, rigidity, poverty of movement, dyskenisias

Front 60

Thalamus

Back 60

sensory relay ganglia to the cortex, filters positive reinforcement of voluntary movement

Front 61

differences in cerebellum vs basal ganglia

Back 61

cerebellum is the controller maintains balance controls fast movement, moving tremors if problems, basal ganglia controls slow movement resting tremors if problems.