Notes For Chapter 5 & 6 In Historical Geology

Front 1

By studying a sedimentary rocks composition, texture, and fossil content, you can determine its ______________.

Back 1

Tectonic setting.

Front 2

A continental inner area with very ancient, crystalline rock is a __________.

Back 2

Shield

Front 3

The area around a shield that contains runoff is a ________________.

Back 3

Platform

Front 4

__________ are left over from collisions. Contain deformities.

Back 4

Orogenic Belts.

Front 5

The __________ is bounded by orogenic belts.

Back 5

Craton

Front 6

Land is a continental environment of _____________.

Back 6

Deposition.

Front 7

There are three types of continental deposition:

Back 7

Continental, Marine, Transitional

Front 8

An area where it changes from land to sea is a ______________ area.

Back 8

Transitional.

Front 9

_______________ systems are important for transporting sediments from mountains to lowland areas and oceans.

Back 9

Fluvial, or River

Front 10

The ____________ of a river determines its type.

Back 10

Gradient.

Front 11

A _________ gradient river has a lot of energy.

Back 11

High

Front 12

Sediments move in rivers in three ways:

Back 12

Traction (bed load), saltation, suspension

Front 13

Traction, or bed load, is when sediments travel in a river _________________ because ____________.

Back 13

Along the bottom because they are heavy

Front 14

Saltation is when sediments travel in a river ___________ because ___________.

Back 14

Along the bottom and suspended, because they are too big to stay in suspension but too small to be along the bottom.

Front 15

Suspension is when sediments travel in a river _____________ because ____________.

Back 15

Suspended in the water because they are lightweight.

Front 16

Eventually the sediments of a river ____________.

Back 16

Settle out

Front 17

The faster the flow of a river, the ____________ the grains.

Back 17

Larger.

Front 18

Other than the gradient, the ___________ also influences river speed.

Back 18

Channel width.

Front 19

When a stream is narrow, _________ will be more likely there and ___________ will occur where the stream slows down. This causes a ___________ stream environment.

Back 19

Erosion, Deposition, Braided

Front 20

Braided stream environments with fast moving water tend to consist of three things:

Back 20

Gravel, sands, silts

Front 21

A low gradient river area can result in a _____________ stream.

Back 21

Meandering.

Front 22

Even in a slow moving stream, the velocity can increase on _________ and result in ___________.

Back 22

The edges of loops, sand bars

Front 23

The deposition can result in part of the river being cut off, which is also known as an ______________.

Back 23

Abandoned meander, or oxbow

Front 24

In a high velocity mountain stream, when it hits the base of the mountain it immediately stops and creates a ____________.

Back 24

Alluvial fan.

Front 25

_________ deposits form in environments from sediment that is transported by the wind.

Back 25

Eolian, or sand dunes

Front 26

A river of ice is a _________ deposit.

Back 26

Glacial

Front 27

The velocity of a glacier is _________ at the bottom.

Back 27

Slower

Front 28

Glaciers leave very distinct deposits and erode mountain valleys into a ____________.

Back 28

U shape

Front 29

A U shaped valley that has been flooded by sea water is a _____________.

Back 29

Fiord.

Front 30

A ___________ deposit involves a lake that freezes in the winter and thaws in the summer.

Back 30

Lacustrine.

Front 31

In a Lacustrine environment, during the summer the sediments ______, during the winter they _________ and during the fall and spring they _________. Continental environment.

Back 31

Move along the surface only, are stirred up along the entire lake, are still beneath the sheet of ice.

Front 32

An annual cycle of lakes that are in the geologic record are called ________. Continental environment.

Back 32

Varves.

Front 33

A __________ environment is an arid environment surrounded by mountains that have periods of flooding and evaporation. Transitional environment.

Back 33

Playa.

Front 34

A ____________ deposit is where a river deposits sediments as it flows into the sea. Transitional environment.

Back 34

Delta.

Front 35

On the coast where there are small tides, you can have a _________ which has lots of organic materials. Transitional environment.

Back 35

Tidal flat.

Front 36

A __________ is a body of water that has been cut off from the ocean. Transitional environment.

Back 36

Lagoon.

Front 37

The coast line is also called a ________ and contains sediments that reflect nearby __________. Transitional environment.

Back 37

Beach, source rocks

Front 38

An area separated from the shore by a lagoon is a ________________. Transitional environment.

Back 38

Barrier island.

Front 39

There are two types of marine environments:

Back 39

Continental slope/rise, Deep marine

Front 40

A shallow marine environment, or a _________ environment, contains sands near the beach, shells, organic sediments.

Back 40

Clastic

Front 41

A type of shallow marine environment is a coral reef. They grow on themselves, shed ______ into deeper water, and create shallow lagoons.

Back 41

Talus.

Front 42

Under the water, sand, silt, and mud is carried by ___________ and is deposited in deep marine areas. This is called a __________.

Back 42

Turbidity, submarine fan

Front 43

As the ocean transitions from shallow to deep marine waters, it goes from the continental shelf to the continental slope and finally the __________ plain.

Back 43

Abyssal.

Front 44

Bacteria that thrive in harsh subterranean and deep ocean environments are called ___________.

Back 44

Extremophiles.

Front 45

___________ refers to the individual fragments that make a sedimentary rock.

Back 45

Clastic

Front 46

Clastic rocks consist of two things:

Back 46

Clastic grains and matrix

Front 47

Clastic sediments are classified based on ______________.

Back 47

grain size

Front 48

A mix of large grain sizes is a _______________

Back 48

Conglomerate

Front 49

____________ is mainly sand.

Back 49

Sandstone.

Front 50

_______________ is mainly silt.

Back 50

Siltstone.

Front 51

_____________ is mainly clay.

Back 51

Shale.

Front 52

What has a larger grain size, conglomerate or shale?

Back 52

Conglomerate.

Front 53

When looking at sedimentary rocks, we look at __________ and ____________.

Back 53

Sorting, shape

Front 54

Both sorting and shape tell something about _______________.

Back 54

How far the grains have traveled from their origin. A well sorted grain has traveled far.

Front 55

___________ sands have a high quartz content, well-rounded grains, and are well sorted.

Back 55

Mature

Front 56

____________ sands have a high feldspar content, angular grains, and are poorly sorted.

Back 56

Immature.

Front 57

______________ forms in the ground under water in a shallow marine shelf.

Back 57

Quartz Sandstone.

Front 58

________________, which is largely feldspar, forms at the base of granite or igneous mountains and is deposited below like the alluvial fan.

Back 58

Arkose

Front 59

_____________, which is largely clay and silt, moves downslope under the ocean through gravity and rivers.

Back 59

Graywacke

Front 60

_____________________, which is largely matrix materials and rock fragments, is also known as subgraywacke

Back 60

lithic sandstone