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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
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Inner planets (Rock Planets)
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
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Outer Planets (Gas Balls)
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* Blue Marble
* Volcanism-Outgassing * Mild Greenhouse * Hydrosphere of liquid water and vapor |
Earth
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* Hot Planet
* Volcanism-Outgassing * Run-away Greenhouse * Vaporized Atmosphere |
Venus
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* The Dead Planet
* Extinct Volcanoes-No outgassing * Feeble-Cold Atmosphere * Polar Icecaps |
Mars
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* Cycle of water from the Ocean to the Land and back to the Ocean
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Hydrosphere-Hydrologic System
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* ________ (topography or relief of the ocean floor) from Seismic Profiling
* Developed Post WWII from Submarine Detection Systems |
Bathymetry; Major Features of the Ocean Floor
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* Splits in the seafloor marked by volcanic and seismic activity
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Ridges of the Ocean Floor
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* Elongated linear, deep depressions in the ocean floor
* Marked by Volcanism and Seismic Activity * Oriented parallel and offshore to the Continents |
Trenches of the Ocean Floor
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* Plate boundaries are delineated by active ______ and seismic activity
* Coincide with Ridges and Trenches |
Volcanism
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Less dense, created at Subduction Zones and never destroyed
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Continental Crust
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More dense, Generated at the ridge and subducted (destroyed) at the Trench
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Oceanic crust
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Where plates move apart from one another
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Divergent Plate Boundary
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Convection Cells within the ______ cause divergence and oceanic crust formation at the Ridge
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Plate Tectonics Mechanism; Asthnosphere
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* _____ are Naturally Occurring and are cytalline. ______ are neutral with specific atomic structures. _______ are neutral and represent compounds
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Minerals
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Are the smallest identifiable unit of Matter
and are composed of protons (+) & neutrons contained in a nucleus, and electrons (-) Are classified according to their atomic number which equals the number of protons in its nucleus |
Atoms
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(atoms with an electrical charge) are denoted by ionic charge
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Ions
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* Opposite charges attract and form ionic bonds
– Example: Salt Na+ + Cl- NaCl (Neutral) |
Atomic bonding
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No matter how large or small the crystal, the crystal faces always meet at the same angle
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Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles
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Measures the angles between the crystal faces to Identify the atomic structure
Helps determine the structure of the mineral |
X-Ray Diffraction
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Crystal Form or Shape
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Physical Properties of Minerals
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What property does this mineral fall under? Halite (salt)
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Taste
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Sulphur, clay
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Smell
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What property does this fall under? Talc (greasy feel)
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Touch or feel
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Least diagnostic test, minerals have many colors within same species
– Exception: 24K Gold streak is yellow. Pyrite streak (fools gold) is black |
Color
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weight or mass/volume
– a 1 carat diamond is .1 grams and a 1 carat topaz is .1 grams – the diamond is of higher density than topaz – which mineral is bigger in volume? Topaz |
Density
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Ability of the Mineral to reflect light (Metallic or Nonmetallic Luster)
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Luster
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Color of the powdered form of the Mineral
– 24K Gold streak is yellow, – Pyrite streak is grey-black |
Streak
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Minerals’ resistance to abrasion
* Measured on Mohs Hardness Scale * Scale is exponential – an increase of 1 on the scale signifies a 10 fold increase in hardness * Emerald (Hardness 9) on Calcite (Hardness of 3) |
Hardness
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ability of the Mineral to break along smooth flat planes
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Cleavage
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When the Mineral breaks along uneven surfaces
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Fracture
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* ________ (SiO2) compose more than 95% of the Earth’s Crust
- Oxygen is 50% of Earth's crust - Silica is 25% of Earth's crust |
Silicates
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Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Galena
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Ore Minerals
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- Halite (NaCl)
– Gypsum CaSO4 |
Evaporitic Minerals
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Calcite CaCO3
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Carbonate Minerals
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What type of rock is this? Form by the solidification of magma or lava (molten rock material and gas)
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Igneous Rocks
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- Building Materials
o Ores o Distribution: Canadian Shield o Rocky Mtns o Appalachian Mtns o Central Texas o Compose ~ 15% of Basement Rock |
Importance of Igneous Rocks
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>50% SiO2 , Sluggish, High Viscosity (resistance to flow), Does not easily degas, explosive type of eruptions. Examples: Convergent Plate Boundaries associated with Continental Crust Formation
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Silicic Magma/Lava
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<50% SiO2 , Very Fluid, Low Viscosity (resistance to flow), Readily degasses, nonexplosive or quiet type of eruptions
o Examples: Divergent Plate Boundaries associated with Oceanic Crust |
Mafic Magma/Lava
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When Solidified, Magma Chamber becomes a ______
composed of Granite and/or Diorite |
Batholith
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What type of volcano is this? Form by alternating eruptions of pyroclastic material (ash) and thick lava flows
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Stratovolcanoes
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o _______ Formation from collapsed craters
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Caldera; Products of silic eruptions
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What type of Rock is this? ________ are generated at Ridges (Divergent Plate Boundaries). ______ are also Generated within the Oceanic Crust.
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Generation of Mafic (Basaltic) Rocks
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What type of volcano is this? Due to extensive outpouring of mafic lava with little pyroclastic material
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Shield Volcanoes
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What texture is this? Extrusive, Continental Rocks, Volcanic eruptions are...
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Pyroclastic Texture
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SiO2 & Gas (Bombs)
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Pumice
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SiO2 & Rock Frags
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Ash
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Large Rock Frags
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Tuff
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What is texture of Obsidian? Extrusive,Cont/Oceanic Rocks
o Obsidian: SiO2 |
Glassy Texture
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Form through the Lithification of Sediments
• Rock Fragments • Chemical Precipitates • Organic Material * Well Stratified (Layered) |
Sedimentary Rocks
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• Weathering
• Erosion • Transportation (wind, water) • Deposition • Burial • Compaction & Cementation |
Lithification
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Most studied rocks
- Cover 75% of the Continental Crust - Contain Fossils - Contain fossil fulels: Oil, Gas & Coal - Used as building materials: Stone, cement - Source of minerals: Copper, Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Uranium |
Importance of Sedimentary Rocks
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Conglomorate, Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale (see notes)
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Clastic Texture Sedimentary Rocks Composed of Rock Fragments
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Carbonate, Evaporate, Biogenic (see notes)
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Non Clastic Texture Sedimentary Rocks Composed of Chem Precips & Organics
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Layered Configuration due to Deposition of Sediments by Water and Wind
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Stratification
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Are inclined Structures within the Formation due to Dune Formation
• Occurs in Sandstones • Defines Paleocurrent Direction |
Cross-Beds
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Retreat of the Shoreline (land advancing seaward due to deposition and/or lowering of sealevel) EOD: Fluvial/Nonmarine
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Regressions
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Advance of the Shoreline (sea advancing over the land due to erosion and/or a rise in sealevel) EOD: Marine
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Transgression
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* Units grouped into Formations
* Formations usually represent Transgressions and Regressions of the Sea |
Stratigraphic Sequences
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• Building Materials
• Ores • Distribution: – Canadian Shield – Rocky Mtns – Appalachian Mtns – Central Texas • Compose ~ 85% of Basement Rock |
Importance of Metamorphic Rocks
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• Rocks that have been _______ deformed by heat, pressure, and chemical activity. the process is plastic deformation. The process agents are heat, pressure and chemical activity
• Plastic Deformation occurs in a solid-state, i.e., if the rock is melted it will then solidify into an Igneous Rock. |
Plastically
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• Minerals become Recrystallized
• Crystals become larger • Rock becomes more Compact and Harder • Rock changes in Texture |
Changes in Metamorphic Rocks
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Metamorphic rocks are primarily formed at ________ Plate Boundaries where there is ample heat and pressure to deform the rocks.
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Convergent
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What texture is this metamorphic Rock? Planar (layered) appearance in the rock
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Foliated Texture
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Slate, Schist, Gneiss
(see notes) |
Foliated Texture: Metamorphic Rocks
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What type of texture is this metamorphic rock? Massive appearing rocks without any apparent structure
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Nonfoliated
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Metaconglomerate, Quartzite, Marble (see notes)
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Nonfoliated Texture: Metamorphic Rocks
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• Suite of Metamorphic Rocks that occur in a definite and recognizable order
• Reflect differences in Metamorphic Grade across a region |
Metamorphic Zones
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Central Texas
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Contact Metamorphic Zone
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97.5%
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Ocean as Salt (NaCI) water
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2.5%
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Land as Freshwater
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_____% of the freshwater is Ice (Glacial systems)
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80%
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Solid Fe & Ni (Iron & Nickel)
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Inner Core
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What part of the earth does this contain? Liquid Fe & Ni (Iron & Nickel)
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Outer Core
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Thick (SiO2) Quartz & "Heavies"
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Mantle
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Plastic Sio2 (quartz)& "Heavies"
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Asthenosphere
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Solid Sio2 & "Heavies"
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Lithosphere
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Graphite (C) & Diamond (C)
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Inorganic solids
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Are minerals that share the same chemical composition but have different internal structures
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Polymorphs
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North American Plate vs Juan de Fuca Plate
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Mt. St. Helen's
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South American Plate vs. Nazca Plate
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Andes Mountains
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Pacific Plate called ______ due to Subduction
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The Ring of Fire
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Australian-Indian Plate vs. Eurasian Plate
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Himalayas
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Antartic plate ringed with _________
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Oceanic ridges
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Solid Fe & Ni
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Inner Core
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Liquid Fe & Ni
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Outer Core
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Thick SIO2 (quartz) & Heavies
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Mantle
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Plastic SIO2 & Heavies
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Asthenosphere
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Solid SIO2 (Quartz)& Heavies
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Lithosphere
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Plates move toward one another
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Convergent Plate Boundaries
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Is the main building block of silicates. Examples: Quartz, Feldspars, Micas, Talc, Ruby, Sapphire
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Silica Oxygen tetrahedron
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Talc; Hardness?
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Hardness: 1
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Gypsum; Hardness
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Hardness: 2
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Calcite; Hardness
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Hardness: 3
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Fluorite; Mohs Hardness
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Hardness: 4
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Apatite; Hardness
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Hardness: 5
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K-Feldspar; Hardness
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Hardness: 6
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Quartz, Hardness
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Hardness: 7
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Topaz; Hardness
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Hardness: 8
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Corundum; Harness
(Sapphire, elmerald, Ruby) |
Hardness; 9
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Diamond; Hardness
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Hardness; 10
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What type of rock is this? _________ are generated within subduction zones as Convergent plate boundaries as Magma Chambers. They process via magmatic differentiation (selective enrichment of the magma by SIO2)
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Silic Rocks
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_______ has one proton in a central nucleus and one orbiting electron
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Hydrogen
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________ has two protons, two neutrons in the nucleus and two orbiting electrons
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Helium
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Selective enrichment of the magma by SIO2. It includes fractional crystalization, magma mixing, and assimilation
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Magmatic differentiation
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What comprises (85%)majority of basement rock?
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Metamorphic Rock
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What comprises (75%)majority of basement rock?
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Sedimentary rock
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What comprises (15%)majority of basement rock?
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Igneous Rock
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Where are Metamorphic Rocks generated?
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Convergent Plate boundaries
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Other bonding: Metallic
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Between ore mineral
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Other bonding: Covalent
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Between gases
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- Silic
- Continental crust - 29% - Explosive - Granite - Diorite - Ryolite - Andesite |
Convergent
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- Mafic
- Oceanic Crust -71% - Non-explosive - Basalt - Gabbro |
Divergent
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Crystalization of molten material liquid to a solid
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Solidification
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Composed of liquids and gases on bottom
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Magma
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What drives the interior of the earth?
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Radioactivity
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Distribution of biodiversity is greater along the _____
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Equator
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Greatest diveristy of ocean
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Higher latitude
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What we breath
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Oxygen
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Oxygen comes from plants and _____
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Photosynthesis
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When magma chamber solidifies it is called a _______
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Batholith
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Where do dunes form?
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Sandstones
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Upward fining Sequence of rocks
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Graded bedding
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An element that has the same atomic number, but different atomic weights is an...
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Isotope
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The atomic number of an atom is the number of
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Protons in the neucleus
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Where are Igneous rocks found?
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- Canadian shield
- Central Texas |