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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Some key functions of spleen: |
-Remove old/deformed RBC from circulation. The capillaries of spleen are much smaller than the diameter of RBC, helping to induce lysis of fragile or old cells -major organs of the immune sys. Rich w/ lymphocytes (B and T). Major resource in the body’s defenses against pathogens |
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Isoelectric point |
Solution pH at which an amphoteric molecule (can act as bas or acid) has net electric charge of zero. -more acidic molecules need more acidic pH to neutralize charge. |
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A-not-B error |
individual perseveres in looking for an object in a location in which it was previously placed, even with the knowledge that it has been placed elsewhere. This is most common in infants under 12 months |
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Why is single stranded DNA more stable than RNA? |
DNA lacks a 2’ hydroxyl group - making the backbone less susceptible to cleavage by hydrolysis (DNA just has H group) |
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Dissociation constant (Kd) |
Measure of affinity for a ligand ↓ K value = ↑ affinity |
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p53 |
tumor suppressor gene that prevents movement thru the cell cycle in the event of DNA damage (giving time for the DNA to be repaired) OR triggers apoptosis if too damaged |
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DIfference in connotation b/w effective and definitive symptomatic control? |
(effective but) temporary symptomatic control, rather than definitive resolution of the symptoms |
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Preferred method for quantifying secreted proteins found in the media, blood or extracellular space |
ELISA- Antibodies for X to measure X |
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Choline |
Precursor to acetylcholine - reuptake inhibitor of choline would decrease amount of acetylcholine |
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Heterogametic gender in humans |
Male (XY) |
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Normal blood pH and example of pH regulator |
7.4 |
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Salt solubility rules |
1. Most Group I salts are soluble (except for salts with ammonium NH4+) 2. Salts with nitrate ion (NO3-) generally souble 3. Cl-, Br-, I- generally soluable EXCPT with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ 4. Fluoride salts are frequently insoluble. Note: All Hg salts with exception on mercuric nitrate Hg(NO3)2 are insoluble. |
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Note: example of why some nonpolar compounds may be toxic to the body |
Toxic non polar molecules can rapidly accumulate in the cell membrane and damage sensitive structures -They can accumulate in all the hydrophobic cervices of the body. Fat deposition on the interior of arterial walls is one example |
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Thermodynamic vs Kinetic reaction |
Thermo (∆G): Is reaction spontaneous or non Kinetics (EA): Rate of reaction. Smaller Ea = faster reaction -In the body there are lots of thermodynamically favorable/ kinetically unfavorable rxns. So body uses enzymes to lower Ea |
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Enzymes work under THERMODYNAMIC or KINETICS conditions |
KINETICS! not thermodynamics (types of leaving groups, steric hinderance -Will the rxn happen? and such will affect thermo) |
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What group of residues are these: Catalytic residue which stabilizes the GTP binding pocket of the GTPase binding site |
GTP is negatively charged at physiological pH ∴ needs a positive (BASIC) AA to stabilize -Histidine (His; H), lysine (Lys; K), Arginine (Arg; R) |
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Negative amino acids |
(Acidic) Aspartate - Asp (D) Glutamate - Glu (E) |
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Triacylgylcerides are ___________ in times of starvation |
Broken down: Catabolized (NOT anabolized) in adipocytes via lipase - |
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Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) |
Glycerol backbone is converted to DHAP - which is glycolysis intermediate. Then converted to pyruvate -> Krebs cycle and ETC to make energy, OR used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose-6-phosphate. |
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_______ is made via the pentose phosphate pathway, not during fatty acid oxidation (NOTE) |
NADPH (different from NADH) Participates in anabolic rxns (not catabolic like NADH), reactions that consume energy in order build up or synthesize larger molecules (ex. photosyn) |
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During times of starvation, fatty acids are _____ |
transported in the blood via binding to blood proteins like albumin. At the target tissue, they're activated, shuttled into the mitochondria and broken down via β-oxidation. This generates acetyl-CoA (via cleavage of the carbon backbone), as well as NADH and FADH2 (via reduction of NAD+ and FAD) |
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Components of plasma (NOTE) |
Fibrogen, Potassium, immunoglobulins -Cell free portion of blood. Only proteins and salts (antibodies are soluble) |
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Blood pH regulation of lungs and kidneys (7.35 -7.45) |
Lungs: shorter term If ↑ acidity/ CO2 = Lungs will ↓ respiration Kidney: Takes a longer time Reabsorb HCO3- = leads to ↑ pH Secrete HCO3- = ↓ pH |
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Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base |
Acid = Proton DONOR Base = Proton ACCEPTOR |
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____ inhibitors can be reversed by increasing the concentration of substrate |
Competitive inhibitor (not noncompetitive |
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Changes of Vmax and Km in competitive and noncompetitive inhibition |
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Lineweaver burk plot for noncompetitive inhibitor |
Same Km Smaller Vmax |
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Lineweaver burk plots for competitive, uncompetitive, and noncompetitive inhibitors. |
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Cause of Type I and II diabetes |
Type 1. Antibodies for pancreatic beta cells - immune sys destroys these insulin producing cells (no insulin) Type 2: Insulin resistance |
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Retinal Isomerase is most likely manufactured by: |
Dehydration synthesis (isomerase = enzyme = protein) Proteins are synthesized by condensation of AA (condensation = dehydration) |
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Social captial |
Refers to idea that social networks have benefits. (can possibly include religiosity (not spirituality) if in the context of social network) -Does not refer to wealth or education. |
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Demographic Transition |
Describes shift from pre-industrial to industrial economic systems |
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Sociological "second shift" |
Refers to ongoing duality |
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"Glass ceiling" |
Refers to unofficial limits on women's advancements in the workplace (tho does not directly relate to their additional roles outside the workplace - caregiver and professional) |
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The four brain waves |
Beta waves: alert wakefulness Alpha waves: relaxed wakefulness/ drowsiness. Theta waves: drowsiness or sleep Delta waves: deep sleep. The question |
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Which waves are active during light and deep sleep |
Light sleep (and drowsiness) = Theta Deep sleep = Delta |
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Instrumental learning theory “train” subjects to do something. It would best increase the subjects’ performance during the training phase by providing reward: (rewards should be provided only for desired responses) |
On a variable-ratio schedule not fixed interval schedule -provide a reward for ever-changing quota of desired responses. The unpredictability inherent in this prompts subjects to produce the desired response quickly/steadily in constant anticipation of reward. In contrast, a fixed-interval schedule provides reward after a fixed period has elapsed. This schedule leads to a more gradual increase in the rate of desired responses |
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Difference b/w blindness in left eye vs. blindness in left visual field |
Blindness in left eye: could only be due to damage to the eye itself or to the left optic nerve, the part of the visual pathway that spans from the retina to the optic chiasma Blindness in left visual field: Damage to either the V1 in the right hemisphere or the right optic tract would cause blindness in the left visual field, as these are parts of the pathway that receive information from both eyes about the left half of the world |
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What would happen if left optic tract were severed? |
-individual would be blind in his right visual field but still receive information about the left half of his world from both eyes (visual cortex and optic tract = parts of the pathway that receive information from both eyes about one half of the world) |
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Eyesight diagram |
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Being aware of a stimulus but being unable to name it implies damage to __________ |
Broca's area Are responsible for speech production (located in frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere of the brain |
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Damage to the Wernicke's area may cause: |
Fluent aphasia, where the pt would produce nonsensical speech. -Pt might not be able to comprehend speech and follow directions for a task neither. (language related area) |
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Active Vagus Nerve: |
When activated, the vagus nerve causes a decrease in heart rate and is part of the parasympathetic nervous system (and food digestion) |
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Activated hypothalamus |
Hypothalamic stimulation causes an increase in heart rate, as well as an increase in perspiration (link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Responsible for production of many hormones) |
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Hypothalamus function |
Homeostasis Hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions: temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body. Houses the pituitary gland and other glands |
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Heritability |
Defined as the proportion of observable differences in phenotype attributable to genetic causes (not measure of percentage of an observable trait caused by gene - only has meaning w/in context of proportion attributable to variation) |
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Bimodal distribution |
Occurs in statistics when, instead of the characteristic one hump in a normal distribution, there are two distinct humps. (2 things happen most of the time) vs. normal distribution which is one hump |
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Type I and Type II error |
Type I error: (false positive) is incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (shouldn't have been rejected) Type II error: (false negative) is incorrectly retaining a false null hypothesis (should have been rejected) |
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Northern Blot: Western Blot: Southern Blot: |
Northern Blot: Detect specific RNA sequences Western Blot: Detection of protein Southern Blot: Detect specific DNA sequences |
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Northern Blot |
Used to detect specific sequences of RNA by hybridization with complementary DNA |
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Southern Blot |
Detection of a specific DNA sequence. Combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. |
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Western Blot |
Used to identify specific amino-acid sequences in proteins |
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Brown fat will ↑ energy expenditure in the form of heat better than any other adipose tissue in the body. In brown fat, leptin indirectly activates uncoupling protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Activation will dissipate proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and STOP which of the following reactions in mitochondria? A. Electron transport chain B. Krebs cycle C. Oxidative phosphorylation D. NAD+ reduction |
C. Oxidative phosphorylation In absence of proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane no electrochemical gradient has been built and oxidative phosphorylation, i.e. the formation of ATP by ATP synthase, will not proceed. The ETC will continue and pass electrons along the transport chain, but the pumped protons will return to the matrix of the mitochondria with the help of UCP-1 activation |
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High group transfer potential |
-Compounds with ↑ energy bonds have ↑ transfer potential. Ex. Pi may be spontaneously removed from ATP for transfer to another compound -phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), acetyl phosphate, and creatine phosphate - all carry a phosphate group with an ever higher transfer potential than that of ATP. ATP is continuously regenerated by transferring phosphate groups from these molecules to ADP. Ex: the rxn of creatine phosphate is: Creatine phosphate + ADP + H+ ⇋ ATP + creatine |
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Electronegativity mnemonic |
FONCl BrI CHP (fonclibrish) |
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How to change a reactions equilibrium constant? A. concentration of ATP B. ΔG° C. pressure D. temperature |
Temperature |
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The strongest reducing agent is: |
Strongest reducing agent is the species that is most easily oxidized. |
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If 99% of the H+ ions in a solution of pH 1.3 were neutralized, what would be the final pH? |
If only 1% = 1/100 of the H+ ions remained, then the number of H+ ions would drop by a factor of 102. Therefore, the pH would increase by log(102) = 2 units. In this case, the pH would rise from 1.3 to 1.3 + 2 = 3.3 |
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What is to be said about the momentum of a large and small with the same initial kinetic energies and different masses. |
Same K = the one with the smaller mass has the lower momentum. (smaller particles will have fewer collisions) Greater mass though, (and same K) will have slower velocity |
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It has been observed that when an alpha particle and a beta particle are given equivalent initial kinetic energies, the beta particle will travel a significantly greater distance in air before losing its energy. Of the following, which is the most likely explanation for this observation? |
The alpha particle’s greater size and charge results in a greater number of interactions, which cause it to dissipate its energy faster. (alpha has greater momentum, but smaller velocity than beta which is smaller) |
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Hydride |
H as H- (acting as the more negative element) in a binary compound. Usually attached to an electropositive element |
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The tertiary structure of a hydrophilic sodium-hydrogen transport channel would best accommodate which of the following substances? |
Cations -H+ and Na+ are both positive. Since channels are selective - it will probably only sub for another positive ion |
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The acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction is a ___________ |
Acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated sodium channel -When it binds acetylcholine, it opens to allow sodium to flow down a gradient into the cell, depolarizing the muscle cell. |
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Carl Rogers |
Humanistic theorist. Good MH stems from ideal self that is similar to person’s real self. Theorized that psychopathology stems from an incongruity b/w ideal/ real selves. When incongruity is perceived => defense mechanisms to distort/deny the mismatch Ex. over-masculine male bullies gender atypical man as an attempt to respond to the perceived threat to that individual's investment in his hypermasculine self-concept |
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Dysthymia |
mental disorder characterized by low mood but with less severe symptoms than depression |
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Submaximal goal setting |
occurs when group members decrease their efforts because they do not believe that they have to work as hard when others are working with them towards the same goal |
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Androcentric culture |
Culture is one that is male-oriented; the male is considered the norm and is consistently preferred across the various aspects of the culture. |
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The McGurk Effect is an example of: (when you hear the sound "Ba", see a visual of mouth saying "Ga", and come to the conclusion that the sound is "Da") |
Bottom-up processing = processing that uses incoming data from the environment to form a perception. When ppl encounter novel stimuli they are forced to engage in bottom-up processing -> construct their perception of the stimuli from bits of raw sensory info. With McGurk Effect, the individual is creating a perception from the raw visual and auditory stimuli that they encounter in the environment |
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Dictyate |
(or dictyotene) is a prolonged resting phase in oogenesis. It occurs in the stage of meiotic prophase I in ootidogenesis. It starts late in fetal life and is terminated shortly before ovulation by the LH surge (menstrual cycle) |
