Nosology Exam 3

Front 1

whdw

Back 1

ancient egyptians thought it caused coagulation of blood that accounted for certain diseases

Front 2

Hiroditus

Back 2

reported on process of purgatives

Front 3

Cnidian

Back 3

if belly is too full, infections backed up into other parts of the body

Front 4

Greek view of digestion

Back 4

starts in upper belly, then abdomen, form "concoction," turned into urine and feces

Front 5

motility

Back 5

time it takes for food to go through intestinal tract

Front 6

Materia Peccans

Back 6

if things were not eliminated from the body, were putrefied and became disease

Front 7

miasma

Back 7

putrefactive vapor produced by environment, exhaled by sick people, associated with swamps and malaria

Front 8

kampt

Back 8

doctrine of infarctus

Front 9

doctrine of infarctus

Back 9

blood delayed in circulation caused distension of liver and intestines

Front 10

botulism

Back 10

produces spores in improperly cooked or canned food, causes poisoning and muscle paralysis, treated with antitoxin

Front 11

symptoms of botulism

Back 11

abdominal cramps, breathing difficulty, loss of muscle tone, decreased reflexes, ptosis

Front 12

ptomaine

Back 12

people thought it caused food poisoning, removes carboxy ends from amino acids

Front 13

amebiasis

Back 13

infection with amebic dysentery, patients had colons removed with unclean equipment

Front 14

gastroptosis

Back 14

downward prolapse of the stomach

Front 15

visceroptosis

Back 15

sagging of internal body parts, physicians didn't understand the mobility of intestines, only saw deviations from textbook images

Front 16

William Arbuthndt Lane

Back 16

visceroptosis, illnesses caused be intestinal stasis (not moving)

Front 17

Frantz Glenard

Back 17

neurasthenia, visceroptosis became "glenard's disease"

Front 18

abdominal incompetence

Back 18

abdominal wall can't hold organs in proper position, ptosis occurs

Front 19

three d's of organs

Back 19

displacement, deviation, descent

Front 20

Lan'e kinks

Back 20

vulnerable points where displaced organs put stress on tissues and thickening of membrane occurs

Front 21

contrast radiography

Back 21

barium swallow, showed organs were not in fixed locations

Front 22

symptoms of autointoxication

Back 22

headache, backache, general ill feeling, loss of appetite

Front 23

three common solutions to autointoxication

Back 23

mechanical (massages, supports), medical (chemicals), surgical (colectomy)

Front 24

colectomy

Back 24

removing large intestine

Front 25

vaginal mesh

Back 25

used to reinforce hernia repair, scar tissue forms around then, nerve fibers get caught, not supposed to be used in vagina

Front 26

five ten process

Back 26

can market device if it's similar to something approved previously

Front 27

Minamata disease

Back 27

ingestion of mercury containing seafood in minamata, japan, caused neurological symptoms

Front 28

symptRamazzini

Back 28

disease of workers, foundation of occupational medicine

Front 29

hyperkeratatic skin lesions

Back 29

piling up of squamous epithelium, could become malignant, treated with arsenic and surgery

Front 30

iatrogenic diseases

Back 30

illnesses caused by physicians

Front 31

real diseases

Back 31

result from medical progress (penicillin allergy)

Front 32

pseudo diseases

Back 32

existed at one point but because of later diagnostic changes was abandoned (visceroptosis)

Front 33

CCTA

Back 33

radiographic technique for imaging the heart, offered to public as screening test, often unnecessary

Front 34

overdiagnosis

Back 34

people have more access to tests and high technology screening that don't have low false positive rates

Front 35

kuru

Back 35

virus disease transmitted by prions caused by cannibals eating brain tissue of deceased

Front 36

Samuel Cartwright

Back 36

drapetomania and dyasthesia ethiopis

Front 37

drapetomania

Back 37

disease causing slaves to run away

Front 38

dyasthesia ethiopis

Back 38

rascality, act like a person half asleep, more prevalent among free negroes, have to stimulate them to activity

Front 39

sweating sickness

Back 39

in england, caused terror in population, short duration, affected young and robust, seemed like insect vector

Front 40

placebo

Back 40

substance containing no medication and given to reinforce patient's expectation to get well

Front 41

inert/inactive Rx

Back 41

sugar pill, healer is aware, patient is not

Front 42

inadequate dosing, inappropriate

Back 42

homeopathy, vitamins, healer may or may not be aware, patient is deceived

Front 43

treatment erroneously believed to be effective

Back 43

both are deceived

Front 44

randomized placebo-controlled double blind clinical trial

Back 44

patients with particular condition randomized into treatment and placebo groups, neither researcher or patient knows which

Front 45

therapeutic gain

Back 45

difference between active and placebo group pain outcomes

Front 46

therapeutic benefit equation

Back 46

therapeutic benefit = therapeutic gain + natural history of illness + placebo effect

Front 47

conditioned responses

Back 47

patients are more likely to have a good response if they've had a similar type of medication before

Front 48

expectation

Back 48

patients more likely to improve if they expect the treatment will help

Front 49

Navajo

Back 49

perform chantway rituals depending on cause of problem

Front 50

nocebo equation

Back 50

therapeutic benefit = therapeutic gain + natural history of illness - nocebo effect

Front 51

nocebo effect

Back 51

badness that stems from clinical encounter that doesn't go well, expectation to get symptoms causes patients to get them

Front 52

two movements of social group for black magic

Back 52

community contracts (isolation), and subject to fateful ritual of mourning

Front 53

Hertz

Back 53

death is complex mass of beliefs, emotions, and activities

Front 54

Dayak people

Back 54

body is buried twice, but not official until second burial

Front 55

objects of final ceremony of dayak poeple

Back 55

give burial to remains, ensure the soul peace and access to land of dead, free the living from obligations of mourning

Front 56

original conception of death

Back 56

irreversible cessation of organismic function, loss of personhood

Front 57

two standards to show death

Back 57

cardio-respiratory, whole brain death

Front 58

whole brain death definition

Back 58

irreversible cessation of function of entire brain, including brain stem

Front 59

parts of brain

Back 59

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem (medulla, RAS, mid brain, pons)

Front 60

reticular activating system

Back 60

on/off switch for higher brain functioning

Front 61

PVS

Back 61

irreversible loss of consciousness, but the brain stem is still in tact

Front 62

permanent coma

Back 62

can maintain a heartbeat for a little while due to brain stem functioning, usually die quickly

Front 63

rationale for whole brain death definition

Back 63

focuses on organism as a whole, emphasizes brains role as primary integrator of overall body functioning

Front 64

brain stem definition

Back 64

death occurs with irreversible cessation of brain stem function, adopted in Britain

Front 65

higher brain standard of death

Back 65

irreversible cessation of capacity for consciousness (means person in PVS is dead)

Front 66

brain death problem

Back 66

in Japan, most don't recognize brain death as the end of life, respirator not turned off until family decides

Front 67

brain death advisory council

Back 67

set up in Japan, decided that death cannot be judged by brain death, merely synonym for "hopelessness", brain death not accepted as death until 1988

Front 68

slippery slope argument

Back 68

if you start equating death with brain death, the mentally ill and other incapacitated people can be used for organs

Front 69

gift giving

Back 69

obligatory system of ongoing exchange of goods and services, results in tyranny of gift always present, doctors given to doctors as gifts

Front 70

Goerge Engel

Back 70

wrote article on biopsychosocial model replacing biomedical model

Front 71

biomedical model

Back 71

assumes disease fully accounted for by deviations from norm of measurable biological variables

Front 72

reductionist principle

Back 72

some mentally ill have natural disease that can be treated, others have problems in living treated by educational system

Front 73

biopsychosocial model

Back 73

takes into account context in which patient lives and society used to treat them

Front 74

cassel

Back 74

wrote paper about suffering

Front 75

cassel's traits of a person

Back 75

personality and character, past, families, cultural background

Front 76

pessary

Back 76

rubber support device put in vagina to hold things up

Front 77

Bouchard

Back 77

proponent of autointoxication

Front 78

tivah

Back 78

final Dayak burial ceremony

Front 79

two souls of Dayak

Back 79

essential element of personality (soul proper) and corporeal soul