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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Average normal stride duration
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- 1 second for 5'4" (women)
- 1.1 seconds for 5'10" (men) |
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Average normal step duration
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- 0.5 seconds for 5'4"
- 0.55 seconds for 5'10" (half of stride duration) |
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Average normal step length
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-0.65 meters for 5'4"
- 0.75 meters for 5'10" |
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Average normal degree of toeing out
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7 degrees
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What is the reference point for center for the foot?
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2nd ray
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Average normal cadence in normal walking
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- 110 steps per minute in 5'4"
- 116 steps per minute in 5'10" |
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Average normal velocity of normal walking
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about 80 meters per minute
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List the 5 determinants of gait
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- lateral pelvic tilt in the frontal plane
- knee flexion at midstance - KAF interactions - pelvic rotation in the transverse plane - (physiologic valgus of the knee) |
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What's the deal with the 5 determinants of gait?
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The are descriptors of things that normally happen to improve the effeciency of gait by keeping the COM as stable as possible
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What are the 3 rockers in gait?
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- heel, ankle, forefoot
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Important concepts for the heel rocker
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- from initial contact to flat foot
- "translate vertical GFR into forward progression of tibia through link of eccentric contraction of tibialis anterior" |
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Important concepts for the ankle rocker
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- from foot flat to heel rise
- control rate of progression of body as tibia rotates over ankle under eccentric contraction of gastrocnemeus and soleus |
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Improtant concepts for the forefoot rocker
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- from heel rise until the end of stance
- extend the period of ground contact via gastrocnemius to exploit GFR for swing initiation |
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List the 7 phases of the gait cycle
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- loading response
- midstance - terminal stance - preswing - initial swing - mid swing - terminal swing |
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Event that occurs at the beginning of double limb support
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initial contact
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% of gait cycle taken up by initial contact
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less than 2%
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What is the beginning and end of loading response
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- begins with initial contact
- ends when other foot lifted for swing |
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Major event during loading response
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shock is absorbed as weight is rapid transferred onto the outstretched limb
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Interval of loading response in gait cycle (%)
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0-10% of cycle
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True or false, loading response includes initial contact?
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true
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Interval of mid stance in gait cycle (%)
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10-30%
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What is the beginning and end of mid stance?
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- begins with other foot is lifted off ground
- ends when body weight over forefoot |
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Difference between early and late midstance?
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early is from end of loading response to when swing leg passes stance leg
- early midstance is 10-20% - late midstance is 20-30% |
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What key event occurs in the swing leg when the stance leg has COM over forefoot?
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tibia of swing leg approaches vertical
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What is the beginning and end of terminal stance?
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- begins with heelrise
- ends when other foot strikes the ground |
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Major event of terminal stance
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Body weight moves ahead of the forefoot
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Interval of terminal stance in gait cycle (%)
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30-50%
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Pre-swing marks the beginning of
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the second period of double stance
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Pre-swing begins and ends with what?
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- begins with initial contact of opposite limb
- ends with ipsilateral toe-off |
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Major event of pre-swing?
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Rapid unloading of the ipsilateral limb as weight transfered to other limb
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Perhaps a more appropriate name for preswing phase would be...
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unloading
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Interval of pre-swing in gait cycle (%)
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50-60%
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Initial swing begins and ends with
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- begins with lift of the foot off floor
- ends with foot opposite stance foot |
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Two important objectives in pre-swing
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- advancement of limb
- foot clearance of the floor |
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Interval of initial swing in the gait cycle (%)
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60-73%
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Midswing begins and ends with
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- begins with swing foot opposite stance
- ends with tibia of swinging limb in vertical |
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How do you know when the tibia is vertical in midswing?
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The hip and knee flexion postures are equal
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Interval of midswing in the gait cycle (%)
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73-87%
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Terminal swing begins and ends with
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- begins with vertical tibia
- ends with initial contact of foot |
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Major objectives of terminal swing
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- complete limb advancement
- preparation for stance |
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Interval of terminal swing in the gait cycle
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87-100%
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General purpose of eccentric contractions in gait
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slowing/decceleration, resisting gravity
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General purpose of isometric contractions in gait
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stabilization
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General purpose of concentric contraction in gait
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propulsion
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Examples of eccentric contractions during gait
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- gluteus medius mid-stance
- DF during loading response - PF during terminal stance - Hamstrings during swing |
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Examples of isometric contractions during gait
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- abductors in mid-stance
- DF in swing for neutral ankle - cocontraction at initial contact |
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What are the 3 concentric muscle contraction during gait?
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- gastroc in pre-swing for PF
- DF in initial swing - Hip flexors during preswing/initial swing |
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What's the role of the hamstrings in gait?
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- slow down leg in terminal swing
- prep leg for loading - stabilize the knee |
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Why so little muscle activity during mid-stance?
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- momentum
- position of ground force reaction |
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Rectus femoris is good for:
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hip flexion and knee extension
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Sartorius is good for:
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hip flexion and knee flexion
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When does the most rear foot eversion occur?
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Loading response
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Rear foot eversion goes with...
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Internal rotation
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When one hip "dips" during ambulation, it's actually what movement?
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adduction of contralateral hip
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How can you locate the ground force reaction?
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Goes through the center of pressure
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Muscle activity at initial contact
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- DF (tib anterior)
- knee flexors - hip extensors - quads (stabilitation) |
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Muscle actions during loading response
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- hip extensors
- knee extensors - DF/PF |
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Muscle actions during early mid stance
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- hip abduction
- knee extensors - PF |
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Muscle actions during late mid stance
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- hip abductors
- PF (eccentric) |
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Muscle actions during terminal stance
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- hip flexion from ADDUCTORS
- knee flexion, off at end - Massive/all PF |
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Muscle actions during pre-swing
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- hip flexors
- min rectus femoris activity - PF |
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Muscle actions during intial swing
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- HIP FLEXION
- min short head biceps femoris activity - DF |
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Muscle actions during mid swing
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- Hip flex then ext
- small knee flexion - DF to clear toe |
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Muscle actions during terminal swing
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- HIP EXTENSION
- Knee flex then extend (stabilize) - DF |
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Phases of the stair ascent gait cycle (and %)
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- weight acceptance (0-14%)
- pull up (14-32%) - forward continuance (32-64%) - foot clearance (64-82%) - foot placement (82-100% |
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In stair ascent, weight acceptance is analagous to ______ in normal gait
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initial contact and loading response
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In stair ascent,pull up is analagous to ______ in normal gait
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mid-stance
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In stair ascent, forward continuance is analagous to ______ in normal gait
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terminal stance and pre-swing
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In stair ascent, foot clearance is analagous to ______ in normal gait
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initial swing and mid swing
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In stair ascent, foot placement is analagous to ______ in normal gait
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terminal swing
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Breakdown of stance and swing during stair ascent cycle
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stance 64%, swing 36%
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Where does the power for forward continuance in stair climbing come from?
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Plantar flexors
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Key joint movements in weight acceptance in stair ascent
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(relative movements)
- hip extends 10 degrees - Knee extends 15 degrees - ankle dorsiflexes 5 degrees |
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Key joint movements in pull up in stair ascent
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(relative movements)
- Hip extends 25 degree - knee extends 35 degrees - ankle plantarflexes 10 degrees |
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Key joint movements in forward continuance in stair ascent
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(relative movements)
- hip extends 25 degrees - knee extends 25 degrees - ankle plantar flexes 30 depgrees |
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Key joint movements in foot clearance in stair ascent
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(relative movements)
- hip flexes 55 degrees - knee flexes 85 degrees - ankle dorsiflexes 30 degrees |
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Key joint movements in foot placement in stair ascent
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(relative movements)
- hip extends 5 degrees - knee extends 10 degrees - ankle plantar flexes slightly |
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Key muscle contractions during stain descent
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- eccentric quads and gluteal
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"most dangerous" phase of stair ascent
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Pull up
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Phases of stair descent
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Stance:
- weight acceptance - lowering Swing: - foot clearance - foot placement |
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What happens during weight acceptance phase of stair descent?
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- slight hip flexion
- Knee flexion up to 50 degrees - ankle moves to slight dorsiflexion |
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What happens during lowering phase of stair descent?
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- controlled hip and knee flexion
- ankle dorsiflexion |
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What happens during foot clearance phase of stair descent?
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(foot raised off higher step)
- hip and knee flexion - little movement at the ankle |
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What happens during foot placement phase of stair descent?
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(limb extends)
- hip and knee extension - ankle PF |
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Definition of running =
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no double support phase in gait cycle
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When both feet are in swing phase this is called
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flight
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Proportions of gait cycle (general) in running
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Swing phase is longer than stance
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Compare forces in walking vs. running
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2-3x body weight in running
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Compare ROM of joints in walking vs. running
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more ROM needed when running
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Compare ROM of joints in stair ascent and descent
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same
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Which phase is longer in running vs. walking?
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- running: swing
- walking: stance |
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Compare the duration of stance in running vs. walking?
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- running: shorter
- walking: longer |
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Describe the double support period in running vs. walking?
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- running: absent
- walking: present |
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Describe the duration of swing phase in running vs. walking?
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- running: longer
- walking: shorter |
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Describe the floating period in running vs. walking?
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- running: present
- walking: absent |
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Describe stride length in running vs. walking?
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- running: longer
- walking: shorter |
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Describe stride frequency in running vs. walking?
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- running: higher
- walking: lower |
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Describe position of body COM in running vs. walking?
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- running: lower
- walking: higher |
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Describe linear and angular velocity of LE in running vs. walking?
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- running: faster
- walking: slower |
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Describe Muscle activities in running vs. walking?
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- running: greater
- walking: less |
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Describe the foot prgression line running vs. walking?
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- running: 1 line along midline of body
- walking: 2 parallel lines |
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Describe the ground force reaction in running vs. walking
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- running: 2-3 x body weight
- walking: ~90% of body weight |
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How does stance decrease in running?
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The distance between the contact point of foot strike and the center of gravity decreases
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What is the point of decreasing the distance between the contact point of foot strike and the center of gravity in running
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- reduce stance
- facilitate propulsion |
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Is anterior foot strike more or less effecient?
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- less because is moves the COM up
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What muscle action decreases its % significantly when you move from running to sprinting?
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ankle
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When in the gait cycle are you the shortest?
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double support
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Effect of lateral pelvic tilt on COM
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COM down
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Effect of knee flexion in mid stance on COM
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COM down
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Effect of KAF interaction on COM
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COM up
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Effect of pelvic rotation of COM
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COM up
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When does lateral pelvic tilt in frontal plane occur?
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single limb support
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When does knee flexion (as determinant of gait) occur?
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midstance
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When are KAF interaction important as a determinant of gait?
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- loading responce AND
- prewing (= the beginning and end of stance) |
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When does pelvic rotation in the transverse plane (as a determinant of gait) occur?
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progression of limbs during swing and stance
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What is the role of physiologic valgus of the knee?
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- places base of support more nearly under the COM to reduce lateral shift
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